CLAIMBOUND / SOURCE-PUBLICATION EVIDENCE
Air quality
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1. World Bank The Cost of Air Pollution · PDF page 12
Narrow public claim
Air pollution has posed a significant health risk since the early 1990s, the earliest period for which global estimates of exposure and health effects are available.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-05, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- Primary source
- World Bank The Cost of Air Pollution
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PDF page 12- Captured
- 2026-09-05
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Air pollution has posed a significant health risk since the early 1990s, the earliest period for which global estimates of exposure and health effects are available.
2. World Bank The Cost of Air Pollution · PDF page 12
Narrow public claim
In 1990, as in 2013, air pollution was the fourth leading fatal health risk worldwide, resulting in 4.8 million premature deaths.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-05, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- Primary source
- World Bank The Cost of Air Pollution
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PDF page 12- Captured
- 2026-09-05
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In 1990, as in 2013, air pollution was the fourth leading fatal health risk worldwide, resulting in 4.8 million premature deaths.
3. World Bank The Cost of Air Pollution · PDF page 13
Narrow public claim
Since 2010, the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) at the University of Washington, Seat tle, has steered the GBD study, with the latest set of estimates for 2013.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-05, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- World Bank The Cost of Air Pollution
- Section locator
PDF page 13- Captured
- 2026-09-05
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Since 2010, the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) at the University of Washington, Seat tle, has steered the GBD study, with the latest set of estimates for 2013.
4. World Bank The Cost of Air Pollution · PDF page 14
Narrow public claim
The WTP-based approach is best suited for analyses of economic welfare, and it has become the standard approach in high-income countries for valuing the mortality risks associated with pollution (see Viscusi 1993; Cropper 2000; OECD 2012).
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-05, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- World Bank The Cost of Air Pollution
- Section locator
PDF page 14- Captured
- 2026-09-05
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f39cec5f1ba173acaa4364f25edfbe7c7a8c395aefe6e26e04fb059a867377ed- Reproduction
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The WTP-based approach is best suited for analyses of economic welfare, and it has become the standard approach in high-income countries for valuing the mortality risks associated with pollution (see Viscusi 1993; Cropper 2000; OECD 2012).
5. World Bank The Cost of Air Pollution · PDF page 14
Narrow public claim
ANS, or “genuine savings,” is a measure of the change in the value of a nation’s assets, including manufactured capital as well as natural and human capital (see Hamilton and Clemens 1999; World Bank 2005, 2011).
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-05, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- World Bank The Cost of Air Pollution
- Section locator
PDF page 14- Captured
- 2026-09-05
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f39cec5f1ba173acaa4364f25edfbe7c7a8c395aefe6e26e04fb059a867377ed- Reproduction
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ANS, or “genuine savings,” is a measure of the change in the value of a nation’s assets, including manufactured capital as well as natural and human capital (see Hamilton and Clemens 1999; World Bank 2005, 2011).
6. World Bank The Cost of Air Pollution · PDF page 15
Narrow public claim
Similarly, from 1990 to 2013 average wages increased in real terms in all but the high-income countries that are not members of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), causing forgone labor income losses per premature death to be higher .
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-05, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- World Bank The Cost of Air Pollution
- Section locator
PDF page 15- Captured
- 2026-09-05
- Source SHA-256
f39cec5f1ba173acaa4364f25edfbe7c7a8c395aefe6e26e04fb059a867377ed- Reproduction
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Similarly, from 1990 to 2013 average wages increased in real terms in all but the high-income countries that are not members of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), causing forgone labor income losses per premature death to be higher .
7. World Bank The Cost of Air Pollution · PDF page 15
Narrow public claim
Since the 1990s, exposure to ambient air pollution has grown in most countries (other than high-income), with some of the greatest increases in the heavily populated, fastest-growing regions, including South Asia and East Asia and the Pacific .
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-05, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- World Bank The Cost of Air Pollution
- Section locator
PDF page 15- Captured
- 2026-09-05
- Source SHA-256
f39cec5f1ba173acaa4364f25edfbe7c7a8c395aefe6e26e04fb059a867377ed- Reproduction
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Since the 1990s, exposure to ambient air pollution has grown in most countries (other than high-income), with some of the greatest increases in the heavily populated, fastest-growing regions, including South Asia and East Asia and the Pacific .
8. World Bank The Cost of Air Pollution · PDF page 16
Narrow public claim
Although two-fifths of the world’s population was exposed to household air pollution from cooking with solid fuels in 2013, exposure has declined in most countries since 1990 .
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-05, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- World Bank The Cost of Air Pollution
- Section locator
PDF page 16- Captured
- 2026-09-05
- Source SHA-256
f39cec5f1ba173acaa4364f25edfbe7c7a8c395aefe6e26e04fb059a867377ed- Reproduction
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python scripts/verify_primary_public_claim_group.py artifacts/cb7k_dom053_t01_primary_claims.json --source-file <local-raw-pdf>Exact source quote
Although two-fifths of the world’s population was exposed to household air pollution from cooking with solid fuels in 2013, exposure has declined in most countries since 1990 .
9. World Bank The Cost of Air Pollution · PDF page 16
Narrow public claim
And yet, despite the reductions in exposure and death rates, the total number of deaths associated with indoor air pollution has mostly remained constant at about 2 .9 mil lion per year .
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-05, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- World Bank The Cost of Air Pollution
- Section locator
PDF page 16- Captured
- 2026-09-05
- Source SHA-256
f39cec5f1ba173acaa4364f25edfbe7c7a8c395aefe6e26e04fb059a867377ed- Reproduction
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And yet, despite the reductions in exposure and death rates, the total number of deaths associated with indoor air pollution has mostly remained constant at about 2 .9 mil lion per year .
10. World Bank The Cost of Air Pollution · PDF page 17
Narrow public claim
“Has Economic Research Answered the Needs of Environmental Policy?” Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 39 (3): 328–50.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-05, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- World Bank The Cost of Air Pollution
- Section locator
PDF page 17- Captured
- 2026-09-05
- Source SHA-256
f39cec5f1ba173acaa4364f25edfbe7c7a8c395aefe6e26e04fb059a867377ed- Reproduction
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python scripts/verify_primary_public_claim_group.py artifacts/cb7k_dom053_t01_primary_claims.json --source-file <local-raw-pdf>Exact source quote
“Has Economic Research Answered the Needs of Environmental Policy?” Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 39 (3): 328–50.
11. World Bank The Cost of Air Pollution · PDF page 19
Narrow public claim
Those illnesses include lung cancer, heart disease, stroke, acute respiratory infec tions, and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases such as bronchitis and emphysema (GBD Collaborators 2015) .
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-05, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- World Bank The Cost of Air Pollution
- Section locator
PDF page 19- Captured
- 2026-09-05
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f39cec5f1ba173acaa4364f25edfbe7c7a8c395aefe6e26e04fb059a867377ed- Reproduction
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python scripts/verify_primary_public_claim_group.py artifacts/cb7k_dom053_t02_primary_claims.json --source-file <local-raw-pdf>Exact source quote
Those illnesses include lung cancer, heart disease, stroke, acute respiratory infec tions, and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases such as bronchitis and emphysema (GBD Collaborators 2015) .
12. World Bank The Cost of Air Pollution · PDF page 20
Narrow public claim
Exposure has increased most quickly in the developing countries of South Asia and East Asia and the Pacific, reaching 46 micrograms per cubic meter (µg/m3) and 42 µg/m3, respectively, or about three times the guideline value of 15 µg/m3 recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) as the level below which adverse health effects have not yet been observed (Brauer et al .
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-05, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- World Bank The Cost of Air Pollution
- Section locator
PDF page 20- Captured
- 2026-09-05
- Source SHA-256
f39cec5f1ba173acaa4364f25edfbe7c7a8c395aefe6e26e04fb059a867377ed- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
Repeat this exact check locally
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Exposure has increased most quickly in the developing countries of South Asia and East Asia and the Pacific, reaching 46 micrograms per cubic meter (µg/m3) and 42 µg/m3, respectively, or about three times the guideline value of 15 µg/m3 recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) as the level below which adverse health effects have not yet been observed (Brauer et al .
13. World Bank The Cost of Air Pollution · PDF page 20
Narrow public claim
Children under age 5 in lower-income countries are more than 60 times as likely to die from exposure to air pollution as children in high-income countries, with the majority of these deaths attribut able to household air pollution .
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-05, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- World Bank The Cost of Air Pollution
- Section locator
PDF page 20- Captured
- 2026-09-05
- Source SHA-256
f39cec5f1ba173acaa4364f25edfbe7c7a8c395aefe6e26e04fb059a867377ed- Reproduction
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Children under age 5 in lower-income countries are more than 60 times as likely to die from exposure to air pollution as children in high-income countries, with the majority of these deaths attribut able to household air pollution .
14. World Bank The Cost of Air Pollution · PDF page 22
Narrow public claim
In urban areas of Vietnam, for example, the prevalence of acute respiratory illnesses is twice as high in low-income households as in high-income ones (World Bank 2006) .
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-05, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- World Bank The Cost of Air Pollution
- Section locator
PDF page 22- Captured
- 2026-09-05
- Source SHA-256
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In urban areas of Vietnam, for example, the prevalence of acute respiratory illnesses is twice as high in low-income households as in high-income ones (World Bank 2006) .
15. World Bank The Cost of Air Pollution · PDF page 22
Narrow public claim
A slight shift in average IQs from early expo sure to toxics may reduce the number of intellectually “gifted” people and lead to marginally higher rates of crime and societal violence (see Weiss 1988; Wright et al .
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-05, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- World Bank The Cost of Air Pollution
- Section locator
PDF page 22- Captured
- 2026-09-05
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f39cec5f1ba173acaa4364f25edfbe7c7a8c395aefe6e26e04fb059a867377ed- Reproduction
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A slight shift in average IQs from early expo sure to toxics may reduce the number of intellectually “gifted” people and lead to marginally higher rates of crime and societal violence (see Weiss 1988; Wright et al .
16. World Bank The Cost of Air Pollution · PDF page 23
Narrow public claim
At the same time, pollutants may adhere to plant surfaces and reduce the amount of sunlight reaching crops, stunting their growth (see Chen 2014) .
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-05, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- World Bank The Cost of Air Pollution
- Section locator
PDF page 23- Captured
- 2026-09-05
- Source SHA-256
f39cec5f1ba173acaa4364f25edfbe7c7a8c395aefe6e26e04fb059a867377ed- Reproduction
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At the same time, pollutants may adhere to plant surfaces and reduce the amount of sunlight reaching crops, stunting their growth (see Chen 2014) .
17. World Bank The Cost of Air Pollution · PDF page 23
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In China, surface ozone (a major component of smog) has reduced yields of summer wheat by an estimated 6–12 percent each year and soybeans by an estimated 21–25 percent (Wang and Mauzerall 2004; Avnery et al .
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-05, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- World Bank The Cost of Air Pollution
- Section locator
PDF page 23- Captured
- 2026-09-05
- Source SHA-256
f39cec5f1ba173acaa4364f25edfbe7c7a8c395aefe6e26e04fb059a867377ed- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
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In China, surface ozone (a major component of smog) has reduced yields of summer wheat by an estimated 6–12 percent each year and soybeans by an estimated 21–25 percent (Wang and Mauzerall 2004; Avnery et al .
18. World Bank The Cost of Air Pollution · PDF page 24
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Box 1.2 using an Air Quality Management Study and economic Valuation to Help ulaanbaatar Forge a Strategy to Combat Air Pollution Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, is one of the world’s coldest capital cities .
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-05, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- World Bank The Cost of Air Pollution
- Section locator
PDF page 24- Captured
- 2026-09-05
- Source SHA-256
f39cec5f1ba173acaa4364f25edfbe7c7a8c395aefe6e26e04fb059a867377ed- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
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Box 1.2 using an Air Quality Management Study and economic Valuation to Help ulaanbaatar Forge a Strategy to Combat Air Pollution Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, is one of the world’s coldest capital cities .
19. World Bank The Cost of Air Pollution · PDF page 24
Narrow public claim
As a result, despite having a population of only 1 .2 million, Ulaanbaatar has experienced levels of air pollution worse than those in much larger cities such as Beijing and Delhi .
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-05, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- World Bank The Cost of Air Pollution
- Section locator
PDF page 24- Captured
- 2026-09-05
- Source SHA-256
f39cec5f1ba173acaa4364f25edfbe7c7a8c395aefe6e26e04fb059a867377ed- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
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As a result, despite having a population of only 1 .2 million, Ulaanbaatar has experienced levels of air pollution worse than those in much larger cities such as Beijing and Delhi .
20. World Bank The Cost of Air Pollution · PDF page 25
Narrow public claim
IHME has steered the international scientific effort behind the Global Burden of Disease Study since publication of the 2010 study (Murray et al .
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-05, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- World Bank The Cost of Air Pollution
- Section locator
PDF page 25- Captured
- 2026-09-05
- Source SHA-256
f39cec5f1ba173acaa4364f25edfbe7c7a8c395aefe6e26e04fb059a867377ed- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
Repeat this exact check locally
Download the PDF to a local file, then run the committed verifier. A changed PDF is reported as drift rather than silently accepted.
python scripts/verify_primary_public_claim_group.py artifacts/cb7k_dom053_t02_primary_claims.json --source-file <local-raw-pdf>Exact source quote
IHME has steered the international scientific effort behind the Global Burden of Disease Study since publication of the 2010 study (Murray et al .
21. World Bank The Cost of Air Pollution · PDF page 25
Narrow public claim
GBD 2013 marks the latest stage in the GBD process and represents the state of the art in the evolving science, which will continue to be updated yearly .
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-05, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- World Bank The Cost of Air Pollution
- Section locator
PDF page 25- Captured
- 2026-09-05
- Source SHA-256
f39cec5f1ba173acaa4364f25edfbe7c7a8c395aefe6e26e04fb059a867377ed- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
Repeat this exact check locally
Download the PDF to a local file, then run the committed verifier. A changed PDF is reported as drift rather than silently accepted.
python scripts/verify_primary_public_claim_group.py artifacts/cb7k_dom053_t03_primary_claims.json --source-file <local-raw-pdf>Exact source quote
GBD 2013 marks the latest stage in the GBD process and represents the state of the art in the evolving science, which will continue to be updated yearly .
22. World Bank The Cost of Air Pollution · PDF page 26
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“Clean Air and Health Lungs: Enhancing the World Bank’s Approach to Air Quality Management .” Environment and Natural Resources Global Practice Discussion Paper 03, World Bank Group Report ACS9035, Washington, DC, February .
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“Clean Air and Health Lungs: Enhancing the World Bank’s Approach to Air Quality Management .” Environment and Natural Resources Global Practice Discussion Paper 03, World Bank Group Report ACS9035, Washington, DC, February .
23. World Bank The Cost of Air Pollution · PDF page 26
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“Evidence that Acidification Induced Declines in Plant Diversity and Productivity Are Mediated by Changes in Below-Ground Communities and Soil Properties in a Semi-Arid Steppe .” Journal of Ecology 101: 1322–34 .
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“Evidence that Acidification Induced Declines in Plant Diversity and Productivity Are Mediated by Changes in Below-Ground Communities and Soil Properties in a Semi-Arid Steppe .” Journal of Ecology 101: 1322–34 .
24. World Bank The Cost of Air Pollution · PDF page 27
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“Ecological Effects of Nitrogen and Sulfur Air Pollution in the US: What Do We Know?” Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 10: 365–72 .
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“Ecological Effects of Nitrogen and Sulfur Air Pollution in the US: What Do We Know?” Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 10: 365–72 .
25. World Bank The Cost of Air Pollution · PDF page 30
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Even for measurements made by (similar) filter-based approaches, filters are equilibrated at different relative humidity conditions prior to weighing (for example, percent, 40 percent, and 50 percent relative humidity in the United States, Canada, and European Union, respectively) and therefore are not completely equivalent .
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Even for measurements made by (similar) filter-based approaches, filters are equilibrated at different relative humidity conditions prior to weighing (for example, percent, 40 percent, and 50 percent relative humidity in the United States, Canada, and European Union, respectively) and therefore are not completely equivalent .
26. World Bank The Cost of Air Pollution · PDF page 31
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Many constituents of particulate matter can be linked with differing health effects, and the evidence is not yet sufficient to allow differentiation of those constituents or sources that are more closely related to specific health outcomes (EPA 2009; IARC 2013; WHO 2014) .
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Many constituents of particulate matter can be linked with differing health effects, and the evidence is not yet sufficient to allow differentiation of those constituents or sources that are more closely related to specific health outcomes (EPA 2009; IARC 2013; WHO 2014) .
27. World Bank The Cost of Air Pollution · PDF page 32
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The calibration equation was estimated from 4,073 ground-level measurements of annual average concentrations, including significant interaction terms for quality and accuracy of location of ground monitors .
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The calibration equation was estimated from 4,073 ground-level measurements of annual average concentrations, including significant interaction terms for quality and accuracy of location of ground monitors .
28. World Bank The Cost of Air Pollution · PDF page 32
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Finally, underestimation of ground measurements has been reported for satellite-based esti mates (see box 2 .2), which may be more pronounced in locations that experience higher con centrations in wintertime and nighttime, when satellite observations are limited, compared with other seasons in daytime (van Donkelaar et al .
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Finally, underestimation of ground measurements has been reported for satellite-based esti mates (see box 2 .2), which may be more pronounced in locations that experience higher con centrations in wintertime and nighttime, when satellite observations are limited, compared with other seasons in daytime (van Donkelaar et al .
29. World Bank The Cost of Air Pollution · PDF page 37
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Briefly, uncertainty bounds in the IER are constructed by simulating 1,000 sets of relative risks and fitting the IER model to these values to capture 1,000 sets of parameter values .
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Briefly, uncertainty bounds in the IER are constructed by simulating 1,000 sets of relative risks and fitting the IER model to these values to capture 1,000 sets of parameter values .
30. World Bank The Cost of Air Pollution · PDF page 40
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Thus assuming there is no interaction between the two exposures (they happen at different times during a 24-hour period rather than stack ing on the IER curve), the overall risk is a product of the two relative risks (see appendix A for more details) .
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Thus assuming there is no interaction between the two exposures (they happen at different times during a 24-hour period rather than stack ing on the IER curve), the overall risk is a product of the two relative risks (see appendix A for more details) .
31. World Bank The Cost of Air Pollution · PDF page 40
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As a risk factor, its rank has remained unchanged since 1990, when it was also the fourth leading risk factor for prema ture mortality .
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As a risk factor, its rank has remained unchanged since 1990, when it was also the fourth leading risk factor for prema ture mortality .
32. World Bank The Cost of Air Pollution · PDF page 41
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Declines in deaths per capita were greatest for Europe and Central Asia, at 56 per 100,000, and for North America, at 29 per 100,000 .
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Declines in deaths per capita were greatest for Europe and Central Asia, at 56 per 100,000, and for North America, at 29 per 100,000 .
33. World Bank The Cost of Air Pollution · PDF page 42
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Deaths per 100,000 people were highest for the lower-middle-income countries (88 per 100,000 persons) in 2013, followed by the upper-middle-income countries (85 per 100,000) and low income countries (80 per 100,000) .
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Deaths per 100,000 people were highest for the lower-middle-income countries (88 per 100,000 persons) in 2013, followed by the upper-middle-income countries (85 per 100,000) and low income countries (80 per 100,000) .
34. World Bank The Cost of Air Pollution · PDF page 42
Narrow public claim
On a more disaggregated basis, the health burden of air pol lution was particularly heavy for low-income countries (164 deaths per 100,000) and upper middle-income countries (116 deaths per 100,000) in East Asia and the Pacific in 2013, followed by low-income and lower-middle-income countries in South Asia, each of which saw 106 deaths per 100,000 in 2013 .
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On a more disaggregated basis, the health burden of air pol lution was particularly heavy for low-income countries (164 deaths per 100,000) and upper middle-income countries (116 deaths per 100,000) in East Asia and the Pacific in 2013, followed by low-income and lower-middle-income countries in South Asia, each of which saw 106 deaths per 100,000 in 2013 .
35. World Bank The Cost of Air Pollution · PDF page 43
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At the country level, the highest population-weighted mean concentration estimated for 2013 was in Mauritania (70 µg/m3), followed by China (55 µg/m3) and Saudi Arabia (54 µg/m3) .
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At the country level, the highest population-weighted mean concentration estimated for 2013 was in Mauritania (70 µg/m3), followed by China (55 µg/m3) and Saudi Arabia (54 µg/m3) .
36. World Bank The Cost of Air Pollution · PDF page 43
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The lowest coun try-level population-weighted estimates (at or below 6 µg/m3) were for several Pacific and Caribbean island nations, Australia, and Norway .
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The lowest coun try-level population-weighted estimates (at or below 6 µg/m3) were for several Pacific and Caribbean island nations, Australia, and Norway .
37. World Bank The Cost of Air Pollution · PDF page 46
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In 1990 there were 2 .2 million APM-associated deaths, increasing 8 percent, to 2 .4 million, in 2000, followed by a 21 percent increase to 2 .9 million deaths in 2013 .
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In 1990 there were 2 .2 million APM-associated deaths, increasing 8 percent, to 2 .4 million, in 2000, followed by a 21 percent increase to 2 .9 million deaths in 2013 .
38. World Bank The Cost of Air Pollution · PDF page 48
Narrow public claim
The change in the all-age attributable rate is a function of three factors: (1) population aging, which tends to increase rates because cardiovascular outcome rates are higher in older ages; (2) changes in the baseline rate unrelated to air pollution—examples are other risk fac tors such as smoking or access to care and better survival of patients; and (3) changes in the exposure to air pollution .
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The change in the all-age attributable rate is a function of three factors: (1) population aging, which tends to increase rates because cardiovascular outcome rates are higher in older ages; (2) changes in the baseline rate unrelated to air pollution—examples are other risk fac tors such as smoking or access to care and better survival of patients; and (3) changes in the exposure to air pollution .
39. World Bank The Cost of Air Pollution · PDF page 48
Narrow public claim
It appears that since 2005 the increase in global exposure to air pol lution and population aging has outpaced the decrease in the baseline trend that began before the 1990s, changing the trend to slightly upward .
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It appears that since 2005 the increase in global exposure to air pol lution and population aging has outpaced the decrease in the baseline trend that began before the 1990s, changing the trend to slightly upward .
40. World Bank The Cost of Air Pollution · PDF page 49
Narrow public claim
Bolivia has experienced the greatest rate of change, with a 6 .3 percent increase, followed by Mozambique (4 .2 percent) and Zambia (2 .9 percent) .
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Bolivia has experienced the greatest rate of change, with a 6 .3 percent increase, followed by Mozambique (4 .2 percent) and Zambia (2 .9 percent) .
41. World Bank The Cost of Air Pollution · PDF page 49
Narrow public claim
The mortality rate in 2013 was 18 deaths per 100,000 persons under age 5 (driven mostly by lower respiratory infections), increasing to 397 per 100,000 in people over age 70 (driven largely by cardiovascular diseases and cancers) .
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The mortality rate in 2013 was 18 deaths per 100,000 persons under age 5 (driven mostly by lower respiratory infections), increasing to 397 per 100,000 in people over age 70 (driven largely by cardiovascular diseases and cancers) .
42. World Bank The Cost of Air Pollution · PDF page 53
Narrow public claim
The lowest country-level exposure (below 0 .05 percent) was in the Republic of Korea, Qatar, Lebanon, and the United Arab Emirates .
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The lowest country-level exposure (below 0 .05 percent) was in the Republic of Korea, Qatar, Lebanon, and the United Arab Emirates .
43. World Bank The Cost of Air Pollution · PDF page 53
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At the country level, Korea (–99 .3 percent) and the Arab Republic of Egypt (–94 .9 percent) had the largest declines in HAP exposure from 1990 to 2013 .
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PDF page 53- Captured
- 2026-09-05
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At the country level, Korea (–99 .3 percent) and the Arab Republic of Egypt (–94 .9 percent) had the largest declines in HAP exposure from 1990 to 2013 .
44. World Bank The Cost of Air Pollution · PDF page 54
Narrow public claim
Exposure to HAP was the eighth-ranked risk associated with death globally in 2013, behind ambient air pollution and ahead of high cholesterol, alcohol use, and childhood undernutri tion .
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PDF page 54- Captured
- 2026-09-05
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Exposure to HAP was the eighth-ranked risk associated with death globally in 2013, behind ambient air pollution and ahead of high cholesterol, alcohol use, and childhood undernutri tion .
45. World Bank The Cost of Air Pollution · PDF page 55
Narrow public claim
The largest annualized increases were in the Marshall Islands (1 .0 percent), Zambia (0 .9 percent), and Lesotho (0 .6 percent) .
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-05, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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PDF page 55- Captured
- 2026-09-05
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The largest annualized increases were in the Marshall Islands (1 .0 percent), Zambia (0 .9 percent), and Lesotho (0 .6 percent) .
46. World Bank The Cost of Air Pollution · PDF page 55
Narrow public claim
The highest age-standardized death rates from HAP were in South Asia (123 .3 per 100,000), Sub-Saharan Africa (108 .9 per 100,000), and East Asia and the Pacific (53 .2 per 100,000) .
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-05, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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PDF page 55- Captured
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The highest age-standardized death rates from HAP were in South Asia (123 .3 per 100,000), Sub-Saharan Africa (108 .9 per 100,000), and East Asia and the Pacific (53 .2 per 100,000) .
47. World Bank The Cost of Air Pollution · PDF page 58
Narrow public claim
The biggest declines in DALYs are in the younger age groups, but even among those 70 and older improvements are visible: DALYs per capita declined 36 percent, from 7,031 .4 per 100,000 persons in 1990 to 4,480 .6 per 100,000 in 2013 .
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-05, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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PDF page 58- Captured
- 2026-09-05
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The biggest declines in DALYs are in the younger age groups, but even among those 70 and older improvements are visible: DALYs per capita declined 36 percent, from 7,031 .4 per 100,000 persons in 1990 to 4,480 .6 per 100,000 in 2013 .
48. World Bank The Cost of Air Pollution · PDF page 58
Narrow public claim
Among people over age 70 from 1990 to 2013, the death rate from HAP decreased from 557 deaths per 100,00 to 368 .6 deaths per 100,000 (the difference in the 2013 under 5 and 70 plus rates is driven in large part by cardiovascular diseases—stroke and IHD) .
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-05, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- World Bank The Cost of Air Pollution
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PDF page 58- Captured
- 2026-09-05
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Among people over age 70 from 1990 to 2013, the death rate from HAP decreased from 557 deaths per 100,00 to 368 .6 deaths per 100,000 (the difference in the 2013 under 5 and 70 plus rates is driven in large part by cardiovascular diseases—stroke and IHD) .
49. World Bank The Cost of Air Pollution · PDF page 60
Narrow public claim
For ambient air pollution, improvements since GBD 2010 include expansion of the available ground-level data, which have been augmented by means of a literature review, web scraping, and contact with experts worldwide (Forouzanfar et al .
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-05, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- World Bank The Cost of Air Pollution
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PDF page 60- Captured
- 2026-09-05
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For ambient air pollution, improvements since GBD 2010 include expansion of the available ground-level data, which have been augmented by means of a literature review, web scraping, and contact with experts worldwide (Forouzanfar et al .
50. World Bank The Cost of Air Pollution · PDF page 61
Narrow public claim
In GBD 2010, a mixed-effect linear model was used to generate the time series for all country-years included in the analysis, but for GBD 2013 the decision was made to utilize instead the spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression (Forouzanfar et al .
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-05, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- World Bank The Cost of Air Pollution
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PDF page 61- Captured
- 2026-09-05
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In GBD 2010, a mixed-effect linear model was used to generate the time series for all country-years included in the analysis, but for GBD 2013 the decision was made to utilize instead the spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression (Forouzanfar et al .
51. World Bank The Cost of Air Pollution · PDF page 62
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The global number of deaths attributable to household air pollution in 2010, estimated by GBD 2010, was just under 3 .5 million .
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-05, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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PDF page 62- Captured
- 2026-09-05
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The global number of deaths attributable to household air pollution in 2010, estimated by GBD 2010, was just under 3 .5 million .
52. World Bank The Cost of Air Pollution · PDF page 65
Narrow public claim
The technical details of the methodology for valuing these costs are provided in the background paper prepared for this report by Narain and Sall (2016) .
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-05, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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PDF page 65- Captured
- 2026-09-05
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The technical details of the methodology for valuing these costs are provided in the background paper prepared for this report by Narain and Sall (2016) .
53. World Bank The Cost of Air Pollution · PDF page 65
Narrow public claim
GBD 2013 provides estimates for a range of health metrics associated with air pollution, whereas this report looks specifically at the monetary costs of premature mortality as mea sured in terms of premature deaths .
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-05, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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PDF page 65- Captured
- 2026-09-05
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GBD 2013 provides estimates for a range of health metrics associated with air pollution, whereas this report looks specifically at the monetary costs of premature mortality as mea sured in terms of premature deaths .
54. World Bank The Cost of Air Pollution · PDF page 66
Narrow public claim
Because a number of studies have quantified the income elasticity of the VSL (that is, the percent change in the WTP per percent change in income), these studies can provide a basis for adjusting to different circumstances—see Narain and Sall (2016) for a literature review of studies of the VSL .
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-05, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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PDF page 66- Captured
- 2026-09-05
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Because a number of studies have quantified the income elasticity of the VSL (that is, the percent change in the WTP per percent change in income), these studies can provide a basis for adjusting to different circumstances—see Narain and Sall (2016) for a literature review of studies of the VSL .
55. World Bank The Cost of Air Pollution · PDF page 67
Narrow public claim
For low- and middle-income countries, a central value of 1 .2 is assumed, with a range from 1 .0 to 1 .4 for sensitivity analysis .
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-05, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- World Bank The Cost of Air Pollution
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PDF page 67- Captured
- 2026-09-05
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For low- and middle-income countries, a central value of 1 .2 is assumed, with a range from 1 .0 to 1 .4 for sensitivity analysis .
56. World Bank The Cost of Air Pollution · PDF page 67
Narrow public claim
For high-income countries, a central value of 0 .8 is assumed, with a range from 0 .6 to 1 .0 for sensitivity analysis—see Narain and Sall (2016) for detailed discussion on choice of elasticity .
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-05, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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PDF page 67- Captured
- 2026-09-05
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For high-income countries, a central value of 0 .8 is assumed, with a range from 0 .6 to 1 .0 for sensitivity analysis—see Narain and Sall (2016) for detailed discussion on choice of elasticity .
57. World Bank The Cost of Air Pollution · PDF page 68
Narrow public claim
As for the younger age groups, working life is assumed to begin at age 15, and so the present value of future lifetime earnings among children must be discounted further into the future .
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-05, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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PDF page 68- Captured
- 2026-09-05
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As for the younger age groups, working life is assumed to begin at age 15, and so the present value of future lifetime earnings among children must be discounted further into the future .
58. World Bank The Cost of Air Pollution · PDF page 68
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Average working life expectancy for 15- and 40-year-olds in different regions and income groups is shown in tables 3 .1 and 3 .2 .
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-05, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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PDF page 68- Captured
- 2026-09-05
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Average working life expectancy for 15- and 40-year-olds in different regions and income groups is shown in tables 3 .1 and 3 .2 .
59. World Bank The Cost of Air Pollution · PDF page 74
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Since 1990, average wages have increased in real terms in all but the high-income non-OECD countries, causing forgone labor income per death to be higher .
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-05, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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PDF page 74- Captured
- 2026-09-05
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Since 1990, average wages have increased in real terms in all but the high-income non-OECD countries, causing forgone labor income per death to be higher .
60. World Bank The Cost of Air Pollution · PDF page 76
Narrow public claim
In dollar terms, welfare losses from air pollution have increased the most on an annual basis in Equa torial Guinea (13 .8 percent),12 China (10 .9 percent), Sri Lanka (7 .5 percent), Lao People’s Demo cratic Republic (7 .2 percent), and India (7 .0 percent) .
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-05, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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PDF page 76- Captured
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In dollar terms, welfare losses from air pollution have increased the most on an annual basis in Equa torial Guinea (13 .8 percent),12 China (10 .9 percent), Sri Lanka (7 .5 percent), Lao People’s Demo cratic Republic (7 .2 percent), and India (7 .0 percent) .
61. World Bank The Cost of Air Pollution · PDF page 76
Narrow public claim
Welfare losses have declined the most on an annual basis in western and northern Europe, including in Norway (4 .5 percent), Sweden (3 .3 per cent), Denmark (3 .1 percent), Finland (2 .6 percent), and the United Kingdom (2 .5 percent) .
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-05, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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PDF page 76- Captured
- 2026-09-05
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Welfare losses have declined the most on an annual basis in western and northern Europe, including in Norway (4 .5 percent), Sweden (3 .3 per cent), Denmark (3 .1 percent), Finland (2 .6 percent), and the United Kingdom (2 .5 percent) .
62. World Bank The Cost of Air Pollution · PDF page 80
Narrow public claim
Because remaining life expectancy for the over-65 population is less than that of children, valuing premature mortality using a VSLY instead of the VSL would put greater weight on losses suffered by children .
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-05, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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PDF page 80- Captured
- 2026-09-05
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Because remaining life expectancy for the over-65 population is less than that of children, valuing premature mortality using a VSLY instead of the VSL would put greater weight on losses suffered by children .
63. World Bank The Cost of Air Pollution · PDF page 80
Narrow public claim
By comparison, analyses of the Clean Air for Europe (CAFE) Programme and the EU Clean Air Package have applied a base VSLY of $78,111–$222,316 (Hurley et al .
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-05, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- World Bank The Cost of Air Pollution
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PDF page 80- Captured
- 2026-09-05
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f39cec5f1ba173acaa4364f25edfbe7c7a8c395aefe6e26e04fb059a867377ed- Reproduction
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By comparison, analyses of the Clean Air for Europe (CAFE) Programme and the EU Clean Air Package have applied a base VSLY of $78,111–$222,316 (Hurley et al .
64. World Bank The Cost of Air Pollution · PDF page 81
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Discounting remaining life expectancy by an annual rate of 4 percent would imply that the average VSLY for this sub sample of studies is $189,706 .
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-05, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- World Bank The Cost of Air Pollution
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PDF page 81- Captured
- 2026-09-05
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f39cec5f1ba173acaa4364f25edfbe7c7a8c395aefe6e26e04fb059a867377ed- Reproduction
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Discounting remaining life expectancy by an annual rate of 4 percent would imply that the average VSLY for this sub sample of studies is $189,706 .
65. World Bank The Cost of Air Pollution · PDF page 81
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Still, it is common international practice, and a constant VSLY is often used to monetize lost life expectancy or YLLs suffered by people of various ages (Cropper and Khanna 2014) .
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-05, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- World Bank The Cost of Air Pollution
- Section locator
PDF page 81- Captured
- 2026-09-05
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f39cec5f1ba173acaa4364f25edfbe7c7a8c395aefe6e26e04fb059a867377ed- Reproduction
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Download the PDF to a local file, then run the committed verifier. A changed PDF is reported as drift rather than silently accepted.
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Still, it is common international practice, and a constant VSLY is often used to monetize lost life expectancy or YLLs suffered by people of various ages (Cropper and Khanna 2014) .
66. World Bank The Cost of Air Pollution · PDF page 82
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If premature deaths are monetized using the VSLY, mor tality costs among the 65 and over population are about 60 percent lower than using the VSL .
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-05, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- World Bank The Cost of Air Pollution
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PDF page 82- Captured
- 2026-09-05
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f39cec5f1ba173acaa4364f25edfbe7c7a8c395aefe6e26e04fb059a867377ed- Reproduction
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If premature deaths are monetized using the VSLY, mor tality costs among the 65 and over population are about 60 percent lower than using the VSL .
67. World Bank The Cost of Air Pollution · PDF page 83
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By contrast, mortality costs among the under-45 population are only 16 percent lower when valued using the VSLY instead of the VSL .
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-05, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- Primary source
- World Bank The Cost of Air Pollution
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PDF page 83- Captured
- 2026-09-05
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f39cec5f1ba173acaa4364f25edfbe7c7a8c395aefe6e26e04fb059a867377ed- Reproduction
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Download the PDF to a local file, then run the committed verifier. A changed PDF is reported as drift rather than silently accepted.
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By contrast, mortality costs among the under-45 population are only 16 percent lower when valued using the VSLY instead of the VSL .
68. World Bank The Cost of Air Pollution · PDF page 83
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The base VSL for 2013 for this scenario is $9 .0 million, which represents an average of the values recommended by the U .S .
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-05, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- Primary source
- World Bank The Cost of Air Pollution
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PDF page 83- Captured
- 2026-09-05
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f39cec5f1ba173acaa4364f25edfbe7c7a8c395aefe6e26e04fb059a867377ed- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
Repeat this exact check locally
Download the PDF to a local file, then run the committed verifier. A changed PDF is reported as drift rather than silently accepted.
python scripts/verify_primary_public_claim_group.py artifacts/cb7k_dom053_t07_primary_claims.json --source-file <local-raw-pdf>Exact source quote
The base VSL for 2013 for this scenario is $9 .0 million, which represents an average of the values recommended by the U .S .
69. World Bank The Cost of Air Pollution · PDF page 84
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The average VSL for high-income countries in the alternate scenario is $6 .1 million for non-OECD countries and $7 .4 million for OECD countries, implying a VSL to GDP per capita ratio of 180:1 to 190:1 as opposed to 100:1 in the base case .
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-05, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- World Bank The Cost of Air Pollution
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PDF page 84- Captured
- 2026-09-05
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f39cec5f1ba173acaa4364f25edfbe7c7a8c395aefe6e26e04fb059a867377ed- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
Repeat this exact check locally
Download the PDF to a local file, then run the committed verifier. A changed PDF is reported as drift rather than silently accepted.
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The average VSL for high-income countries in the alternate scenario is $6 .1 million for non-OECD countries and $7 .4 million for OECD countries, implying a VSL to GDP per capita ratio of 180:1 to 190:1 as opposed to 100:1 in the base case .
70. World Bank The Cost of Air Pollution · PDF page 84
Narrow public claim
The average VSLs in the alternate scenario for lower- and upper-middle-income countries is, respectively, $0 .6 mil lion and $1 .8 million, implying VSL to GDP per capita ratios of 110:1 and 130:1, respectively, versus 70:1 and 90:1 in the base case .
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-05, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- World Bank The Cost of Air Pollution
- Section locator
PDF page 84- Captured
- 2026-09-05
- Source SHA-256
f39cec5f1ba173acaa4364f25edfbe7c7a8c395aefe6e26e04fb059a867377ed- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
Repeat this exact check locally
Download the PDF to a local file, then run the committed verifier. A changed PDF is reported as drift rather than silently accepted.
python scripts/verify_primary_public_claim_group.py artifacts/cb7k_dom053_t07_primary_claims.json --source-file <local-raw-pdf>Exact source quote
The average VSLs in the alternate scenario for lower- and upper-middle-income countries is, respectively, $0 .6 mil lion and $1 .8 million, implying VSL to GDP per capita ratios of 110:1 and 130:1, respectively, versus 70:1 and 90:1 in the base case .