Anti-corruption

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Corrigenda to OECD publications may be found on line at: www.oecd.org/about/publishing/corrigenda.htm.

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Anti-corruption and integrity strategy as a proxy of political will 23 Box 8.1.

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Corporate anti-corruption engagement in support of the green transition 68 Box 9.1.

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Existing uses of AI to uphold integrity in OECD countries 72 Box 9.2.

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Tax administrations’ use of Artificial Intelligence to combat fraud and corruption 73 Box 10.1.

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The indicators measure the preparedness and resilience of the public integrity system at the national level to prevent corruption, mismanagement and waste of public funds, and the likelihood of detecting and mitigating various corruption risks by different actors.

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Across the various indicators, a total of 203 standard criteria and 13 numerical indicators across the three datasets have been defined to express what constitutes effective laws, regulations, procedures and institutions.

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These criteria are both benchmarks to prompt peer learning as well as concrete steps for any country to take to continue to improve their systems.

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In addition to these checklist-type indicators, the PIIs also include more outcome-oriented indicators drawing on administrative data and surveys.

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The PIIs measure both, and can therefore document if implementation is lagging, or cases where practice works well even without strong regulations.

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This allows the PIIs to document availability and quality of data in each OECD Member country, and where on average the OECD is facing a data gap.

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Note While not covered in this iteration, Serious Organised Crime is another significant change driver in many jurisdictions and could be addressed in future editions of the Outlook.

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Anti-corruption and integrity strategy as a proxy of political will Principle 3 of the OECD Recommendation on Public Integrity calls for countries to take a strategic approach to mitigating integrity risks in the public sector.

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Once identified, countries should develop a strategy outlining objectives and priorities, with adequate institutional set up, action plans, monitoring and evaluation.

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“Responsibilities (Principle 2) – under which public sector organisations co-ordinate well with each other, with well-defined responsibilities making clear “who does what”.

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“Whole of society” (Principle 5) – promote a society-wide culture under which businesses, individuals and non-governmental actors uphold public integrity and do not tolerate corruption.

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An effective strategic approach to fighting corruption should be developed in consultation with key stakeholders, adequately implemented and monitored.

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A key indication of political commitment is the adoption of a strategic framework by the Government, defined as the highest political level (often called “Council of Ministers”).

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Data for ‘Other areas’ are based on country values for the criterion “Strategies for any of the following sectors have at least one first-level objective aimed at mitigating public integrity risks: (a) infrastructure, (b) housing, (c) health, (d) education, (e) taxation, (f) customs”.

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The circle represents the aggregate, which includes the implementation rate.

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How to read: As measured against OECD standards, Latvia fulfils 81% of criteria on quality of strategic framework, 79% on implementation of strategy, and 87% on action plans and monitoring reports.

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The outer circle is based on whether public integrity risks are explicitly addressed in the risk management framework.

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How to read: In Norway, guidelines on fraud and corruption prevention are available as part of internal control processes.

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However, public integrity risks are not explicitly addressed in the risk management framework.

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Others have full coverage in legislation but do not audit all entities in practice.

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Yet again, many countries do not collect the necessary data to be able to assess this.

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The following countries do not collect data for both indicators: Australia, Austria, Denmark, Estonia, Japan, Luxembourg, Spain and Switzerland.

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How to read: In Ireland, the share of national budget organisations at the central government level covered by internal audit is 100% (blue column), and the share of the national budget organisations that were audited in the past five years is 100% (green dot).

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Data for Greece is not available as their central internal audit function was established recently.

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How to read: In Mexico, the implementation rate for internal audit recommendations is 100%.

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Poland has a definition for lobbying but not for lobbyists, and has sanctions in place for breaches of standards.

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How to read: Austria has regulatory definitions for lobbying and lobbyists and sanctions in place for breaches of lobbying standards.

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Czechia has neither definitions for lobbyists or lobbying, nor sanctions for breaches of standards in place.

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Even the best lobbying regulations are only effective if they are adhered to.

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Luxembourg's register does disclose the name of the lobbyist but not the company name.

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Finland's register does disclose the company name but not the name of the lobbyist.

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Data for monitoring and practice are based on statistics collected to calculate the criteria values for “The submission rate of interest declarations from: members of the Government is 100% for the past six years / members of parliament is at least 90% for the past six years / members of the highest bodies of the judiciary is at least 80% for the past four years / newly appointed or reappointed top-tier civil servants of the executive branch is at least 80% for the past four years.” How to read: Members of government (Ministers) are legally required to disclose private interests in 88% OECD countries.

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Among these 88% of countries, the disclosure of private interests is fully monitored in 76% of countries.

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Among these 76% of countries, the average submission rate of interest disclosures by members of government is 100%.

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Example 2: Austria has adopted regulations on sanctions for breaches of conflict-of-interest violations but has not implemented sanctions in practice.

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The outer circle is based on whether post-employment integrity for top-officials is tracked.

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Countries marked with an asterisk (*) have mandatory cooling-off periods for public officials.

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How to read: In Türkiye, post-employment integrity is only tracked for ministers, and not for top-officials, and there are no mandatory cooling-off periods for public officials.

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Italy did not provide information for the criterion regarding “publicly owned enterprises”.

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Data for Belgium, Colombia, Germany, Hungary and New Zealand were not provided.

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These datasets are key to upholding integrity and should be publicly available.

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Corruption threats relating to foreign influence and the green transition can only be countered in mature democracies through an insistency on openness.

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How to read: In countries where trust in government is below 50%, there is a positive correlation between greater levels of transparency of public information and higher trust in government.

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The dots represent countries, and the dotted lines are trendlines for each category.

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Data should be published in any pre-existing format or language and, where appropriate, by electronic means in formats that are open, machine readable, accessible, findable and reusable, complete with their metadata.

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Corporate anti-corruption engagement in support of the green transition By adopting ethical practices and actively engaging in initiatives that promote transparency and accountability, companies can become a valuable ally in the fight against regulatory capture in the forestry sector.

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Ethical business practices: private entities can commit to ethical business practices and adhere to environmental standards beyond what is required by regulations.

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The OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises addressed by governments to companies, aim to encourage positive contributions enterprises can make to environmental progress in particular.

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Advocacy for stronger regulations: rather than resisting regulations, responsible private sector entities can advocate for robust and comprehensive regulatory frameworks.

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AI has weaknesses and can be used to enable corrupt activities.

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Existing uses of AI to uphold integrity in OECD countries Canada Employment Insurance (EI) Sickness Programme AI supports ongoing investigation into the abuses of the EI benefit programme by focusing on identifying fictitious doctor’s notes.

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AI supports a number of activities including identifying risks on some large-scale transactional services, such as repayment claims for Value Added Tax (VAT) and Income Tax Self Assessment.

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UK HMRC are using analytics to help identify risks that need attention and building case packages that are passed to teams of investigators.

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AI also works well to assimilate large amounts of data – this is a newer implementation, important for compliance casework where HMRC are using AI alongside other tools like geo-mapping.

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Swedish Tax Agency (STA) The STA uses artificial intelligence to improve audit and risk-evaluation in relation to free-text information in the 150 000 handwritten income tax returns it receives every year.

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AI is used to interpret and convert handwritten text into digital text and to classify the text into one of around 60 subject categories.

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The benefits of this automated interpretation are that information reaches the right competence faster and that quantifying and analysing the content of free-text information is more effective, meaning identifying and processing potential fraud and corruption cases is quicker and more targeted.

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Tax administrations’ use of Artificial Intelligence to combat fraud and corruption AI is increasing tax administrations’ abilities to combat fraud and corruption by improving risk management processes, supporting taxpayer compliance and reducing taxpayer burdens.

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Compliance risk management More countries are using AI, including machine learning, to understand current and future compliance risks, sharpen risk management, and develop intervention actions.

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82.5% of countries surveyed in the OECD’s Tax Administration 2023 report are already using AI for risk assessments and detecting fraud in their tax systems, or are in the implementation phase for future use.

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AI is helping facilitate the drive towards self-service, on a real-time and 24/7 basis, and opening new service options for tax administrations that allow more ‘compliance-by-design’ approaches.

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Furthermore, foreign interference can impact the rule of law and the rendering of justice across borders, thereby preventing the prosecution and sanctioning of corrupt individuals and companies.

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It involves foreign powers trying to secretly and improperly interfere in Australian society to advance their strategic, political, military, social or economic goals, at our expense.” A common understanding and definition of foreign interference could be useful to distinguish it from legitimate foreign influence and reduce the risk of foreign interference through international co-operation.

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It also addresses how the shortcomings in integrity systems can impede countries’ responses to these major challenges.

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In providing a snapshot of how countries are performing today, the Outlook supports strategic planning and policy work to strengthen public integrity for the future.

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