CLAIMBOUND / SOURCE-PUBLICATION EVIDENCE
Batteries
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1. IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030 · PDF page 11
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An alternative is “power-to-X” pathways, where surplus VRE is used to produce renewable gas or hydrogen, which is then stored for later use (a power-to-fuel approach).
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030
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PDF page 11- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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An alternative is “power-to-X” pathways, where surplus VRE is used to produce renewable gas or hydrogen, which is then stored for later use (a power-to-fuel approach).
2. IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030 · PDF page 11
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Given that thermal energy stores are significantly less expensive than electrical energy storage, this could make sense.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030
- Section locator
PDF page 11- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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Given that thermal energy stores are significantly less expensive than electrical energy storage, this could make sense.
3. IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030 · PDF page 12
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Stationary electricity storage can provide a range of key energy services in an affordable manner.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030
- Section locator
PDF page 12- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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Stationary electricity storage can provide a range of key energy services in an affordable manner.
4. IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030 · PDF page 15
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Australia), significant battery storage with regard to new PV installations is taking place.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030
- Section locator
PDF page 15- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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Australia), significant battery storage with regard to new PV installations is taking place.
5. IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030 · PDF page 15
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There remains significant uncertainty, for instance, about what will be the average residential battery pack size in 2030 on a global basis.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030
- Section locator
PDF page 15- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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There remains significant uncertainty, for instance, about what will be the average residential battery pack size in 2030 on a global basis.
6. IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030 · PDF page 17
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Moreover, providing renewable capacity firming at the utility scale will effectively contribute to between 11% and 14% of total battery electricity storage capacity in 2030, depending on the case.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030
- Section locator
PDF page 17- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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dbc54913127a59179294f88455ddc60d1f1ee5d0a932571df05169a64b44b91b- Reproduction
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Moreover, providing renewable capacity firming at the utility scale will effectively contribute to between 11% and 14% of total battery electricity storage capacity in 2030, depending on the case.
7. IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030 · PDF page 21
Narrow public claim
As costs fall further, batteries will provide more grid services.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030
- Section locator
PDF page 21- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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As costs fall further, batteries will provide more grid services.
8. IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030 · PDF page 23
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The 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Paris was a watershed moment for renewable energy.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030
- Section locator
PDF page 23- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
dbc54913127a59179294f88455ddc60d1f1ee5d0a932571df05169a64b44b91b- Reproduction
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The 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Paris was a watershed moment for renewable energy.
9. IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030 · PDF page 27
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System flexibility requirements will grow and change in nature as the electricity sector becomes decarbonised.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030
- Section locator
PDF page 27- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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System flexibility requirements will grow and change in nature as the electricity sector becomes decarbonised.
10. IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030 · PDF page 27
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The numbers of electric buses and electric two-wheelers are growing as well, especially in China.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030
- Section locator
PDF page 27- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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The numbers of electric buses and electric two-wheelers are growing as well, especially in China.
11. IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030 · PDF page 29
Narrow public claim
Note that these are preliminary estimates and are likely to change once the 2017 data are validated.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030
- Section locator
PDF page 29- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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Note that these are preliminary estimates and are likely to change once the 2017 data are validated.
12. IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030 · PDF page 30
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The database of the US DOE identifies 162.2 GW of installed capacity at the end of 2016, while IRENA statistics identify 159.5 GW (including so-called mixed hydro plants).
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030
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PDF page 30- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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dbc54913127a59179294f88455ddc60d1f1ee5d0a932571df05169a64b44b91b- Reproduction
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The database of the US DOE identifies 162.2 GW of installed capacity at the end of 2016, while IRENA statistics identify 159.5 GW (including so-called mixed hydro plants).
13. IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030 · PDF page 30
Narrow public claim
Given that the difference between the two data sources remains modest (1.7% in 2016), this report focuses on the DOE data for the additional details available at a plant level on technology and, more crucially for the report, the primary services that these storage technologies provide.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030
- Section locator
PDF page 30- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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Given that the difference between the two data sources remains modest (1.7% in 2016), this report focuses on the DOE data for the additional details available at a plant level on technology and, more crucially for the report, the primary services that these storage technologies provide.
14. IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030 · PDF page 30
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Higher shares of variable renewables — at least in Europe — also are undermining the traditional business model of PHS of charging during off-peak periods and releasing electricity during peak periods, as variable renewables have tended to reduce (on average) short-run marginal price differentials between peak and off-peak periods.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030
- Section locator
PDF page 30- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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Higher shares of variable renewables — at least in Europe — also are undermining the traditional business model of PHS of charging during off-peak periods and releasing electricity during peak periods, as variable renewables have tended to reduce (on average) short-run marginal price differentials between peak and off-peak periods.
15. IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030 · PDF page 31
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Sensible heat energy stores, such as domestic hot water tanks, provide considerable quantities of storage in end-use applications, although no reliable global statistics are available.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030
- Section locator
PDF page 31- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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Sensible heat energy stores, such as domestic hot water tanks, provide considerable quantities of storage in end-use applications, although no reliable global statistics are available.
16. IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030 · PDF page 31
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Similarly, large-scale sensible energy stores (sometimes designed for seasonal storage), used in association with solar thermal collectors and in district heating systems, are an important source of storage, with 24 such systems in place in Europe.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030
- Section locator
PDF page 31- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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Similarly, large-scale sensible energy stores (sometimes designed for seasonal storage), used in association with solar thermal collectors and in district heating systems, are an important source of storage, with 24 such systems in place in Europe.
17. IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030 · PDF page 32
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This figure may be overestimated due to a potential regional bias in the Global Energy Storage Database.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030
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PDF page 32- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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This figure may be overestimated due to a potential regional bias in the Global Energy Storage Database.
18. IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030 · PDF page 34
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Japan also dedicates significant PHS to other main-use cases, including 2.8 GW (10%) to black start services and 2 GW (7%) to firm supply capacity.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030
- Section locator
PDF page 34- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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Japan also dedicates significant PHS to other main-use cases, including 2.8 GW (10%) to black start services and 2 GW (7%) to firm supply capacity.
19. IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030 · PDF page 34
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Austria has the most diverse use case for PHS in its system, with 54% of its total of 4.7 GW going to electricity time shifting, 17% to providing firm capacity, 16% to providing black start services and 13% to firming renewable generation capacity.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030
- Section locator
PDF page 34- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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Austria has the most diverse use case for PHS in its system, with 54% of its total of 4.7 GW going to electricity time shifting, 17% to providing firm capacity, 16% to providing black start services and 13% to firming renewable generation capacity.
20. IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030 · PDF page 37
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Installed Capacity: Some storage systems are oversized to reduce ageing during operation.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030
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PDF page 37- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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Installed Capacity: Some storage systems are oversized to reduce ageing during operation.
21. IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030 · PDF page 37
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Hence, the installed capacity of storage systems is always equal to or greater than their usable capacity.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030
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PDF page 37- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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Hence, the installed capacity of storage systems is always equal to or greater than their usable capacity.
22. IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030 · PDF page 38
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End of life: Criteria to measure end of service life, depending on battery technology and application.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030
- Section locator
PDF page 38- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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End of life: Criteria to measure end of service life, depending on battery technology and application.
23. IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030 · PDF page 38
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Cycle life: The number of (equivalent) full cycles that can be delivered by a storage system until its end of life, under given conditions.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- Primary source
- IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030
- Section locator
PDF page 38- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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Cycle life: The number of (equivalent) full cycles that can be delivered by a storage system until its end of life, under given conditions.
24. IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030 · PDF page 41
Narrow public claim
On the one hand, for example, PHS and CAES technologies are typically used to provide bulk power management, since they both can discharge for up to tens of hours economically.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- Primary source
- IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030
- Section locator
PDF page 41- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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On the one hand, for example, PHS and CAES technologies are typically used to provide bulk power management, since they both can discharge for up to tens of hours economically.
25. IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030 · PDF page 43
Narrow public claim
Because of their very high power capabilities, electricity storage systems – such as supercapacitators, superconducting coils or mechanical flywheels – are often used in these applications, but many battery storage technologies can also be used.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- Primary source
- IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030
- Section locator
PDF page 43- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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Because of their very high power capabilities, electricity storage systems – such as supercapacitators, superconducting coils or mechanical flywheels – are often used in these applications, but many battery storage technologies can also be used.
26. IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030 · PDF page 45
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The focus is on the technical requirements.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030
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PDF page 45- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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27. IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030 · PDF page 46
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NaS or even Li-ion/lead-acid hybrids) can help address these feasibility issues.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- Primary source
- IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030
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PDF page 46- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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NaS or even Li-ion/lead-acid hybrids) can help address these feasibility issues.
28. IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030 · PDF page 46
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Generally, all types of batteries are suitable to provide these services.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030
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PDF page 46- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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Generally, all types of batteries are suitable to provide these services.
29. IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030 · PDF page 47
Narrow public claim
Redox flow batteries may be used for energy shifting in the future, as cost reductions occur.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030
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PDF page 47- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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Redox flow batteries may be used for energy shifting in the future, as cost reductions occur.
30. IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030 · PDF page 49
Narrow public claim
An island system designed to operate predominantly on renewable energy requires many services that could be supplied by storage systems: enhanced frequency responses/frequency containment reserves, frequency restoration reserves, energy shifting (or community storage/village electrification, depending on the size of the island grid).
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030
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PDF page 49- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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An island system designed to operate predominantly on renewable energy requires many services that could be supplied by storage systems: enhanced frequency responses/frequency containment reserves, frequency restoration reserves, energy shifting (or community storage/village electrification, depending on the size of the island grid).
31. IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030 · PDF page 49
Narrow public claim
Additionally, a number of island grids are now incorporating storage systems for residential self-consumption that are pooled to deliver some of the services listed above, and this trend is likely to grow over time.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030
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PDF page 49- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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Additionally, a number of island grids are now incorporating storage systems for residential self-consumption that are pooled to deliver some of the services listed above, and this trend is likely to grow over time.
32. IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030 · PDF page 49
Narrow public claim
In general, however, if hydropower is available, the potential can be tapped, within ecologic and economic boundaries, to provide a low-cost source of power, that may have some storage potential.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030
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PDF page 49- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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In general, however, if hydropower is available, the potential can be tapped, within ecologic and economic boundaries, to provide a low-cost source of power, that may have some storage potential.
33. IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030 · PDF page 52
Narrow public claim
This also highlights the potential importance of the novel concept to exploit abandoned underground mines where environmental concerns may be less of an issue.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030
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PDF page 52- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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This also highlights the potential importance of the novel concept to exploit abandoned underground mines where environmental concerns may be less of an issue.
34. IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030 · PDF page 54
Narrow public claim
In order to find suitable storage caverns for the compressed air, old natural salt deposits or depleted gas fields can be conditioned for use.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
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- IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030
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PDF page 54- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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In order to find suitable storage caverns for the compressed air, old natural salt deposits or depleted gas fields can be conditioned for use.
35. IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030 · PDF page 54
Narrow public claim
Costs are significantly lower where an existing and suitable cavern is available.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
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- IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030
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PDF page 54- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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Costs are significantly lower where an existing and suitable cavern is available.
36. IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030 · PDF page 61
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To operate safely, comprehensive security measures are essential.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030
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PDF page 61- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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To operate safely, comprehensive security measures are essential.
37. IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030 · PDF page 62
Narrow public claim
A practical example of a flywheel, featuring superconducting magnetic bearings, was put into operation in Japan in 2015.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030
- Section locator
PDF page 62- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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A practical example of a flywheel, featuring superconducting magnetic bearings, was put into operation in Japan in 2015.
38. IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030 · PDF page 62
Narrow public claim
The 300 kW/100 kWh storage device contains a carbon fibre, reinforced, plastic disc that weighs four tonnes and is used in combination with a megawatt-class solar park for grid stabilisation (Furukawa, 2015).
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030
- Section locator
PDF page 62- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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The 300 kW/100 kWh storage device contains a carbon fibre, reinforced, plastic disc that weighs four tonnes and is used in combination with a megawatt-class solar park for grid stabilisation (Furukawa, 2015).
39. IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030 · PDF page 67
Narrow public claim
The LTO anode high potential prevents issues that relate to electrolyte material decomposition, which can result in the growth or breakdown of the solid electrolyte interphase and its related tendency to overheat and see capacity fade and other ageing issues.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- Primary source
- IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030
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PDF page 67- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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The LTO anode high potential prevents issues that relate to electrolyte material decomposition, which can result in the growth or breakdown of the solid electrolyte interphase and its related tendency to overheat and see capacity fade and other ageing issues.
40. IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030 · PDF page 67
Narrow public claim
This is a significant advantage, since solid electrolyte interphase challenges, which are typical to all other Li-ion technologies, represent their main disadvantage.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- Primary source
- IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030
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PDF page 67- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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This is a significant advantage, since solid electrolyte interphase challenges, which are typical to all other Li-ion technologies, represent their main disadvantage.
41. IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030 · PDF page 68
Narrow public claim
BES system costs are experiencing a downward trend in recent years, which has been widely documented.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030
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PDF page 68- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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BES system costs are experiencing a downward trend in recent years, which has been widely documented.
42. IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030 · PDF page 72
Narrow public claim
Companies, such as Volkswagen and Daimler, are investing billions of Euros into facilities for pack assembly for stationary and mobile applications (pv magazine, 2017b; Bloomberg, 2017).
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- Primary source
- IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030
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PDF page 72- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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Companies, such as Volkswagen and Daimler, are investing billions of Euros into facilities for pack assembly for stationary and mobile applications (pv magazine, 2017b; Bloomberg, 2017).
43. IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030 · PDF page 72
Narrow public claim
With such an increased manufacturing landscape, continuous price declines for Li ion battery cells and packs will most likely continue.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
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- IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030
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PDF page 72- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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With such an increased manufacturing landscape, continuous price declines for Li ion battery cells and packs will most likely continue.
44. IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030 · PDF page 75
Narrow public claim
Some approaches to stop the dissolution process include a graphene coating of the cathode, as well as cationic doping.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030
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PDF page 75- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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Some approaches to stop the dissolution process include a graphene coating of the cathode, as well as cationic doping.
45. IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030 · PDF page 75
Narrow public claim
Post Li-ion technologies that explore new approaches towards lithium as a material for energy storage have been explored in past years.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030
- Section locator
PDF page 75- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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dbc54913127a59179294f88455ddc60d1f1ee5d0a932571df05169a64b44b91b- Reproduction
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Post Li-ion technologies that explore new approaches towards lithium as a material for energy storage have been explored in past years.
46. IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030 · PDF page 77
Narrow public claim
By 2030, NCA, NMC/ LMO and LFP battery chemistries are projected to have costs that fall within roughly the same range of from USD 80 to USD 340/kWh.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030
- Section locator
PDF page 77- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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By 2030, NCA, NMC/ LMO and LFP battery chemistries are projected to have costs that fall within roughly the same range of from USD 80 to USD 340/kWh.
47. IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030 · PDF page 77
Narrow public claim
The central estimates for their costs in 2030 are also similar, with NMC Li-ion technologies for stationary applications at USD 145/kWh, NMC/LMO at USD 167/kWh and LFP somewhat higher at USD 224/kWh.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030
- Section locator
PDF page 77- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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The central estimates for their costs in 2030 are also similar, with NMC Li-ion technologies for stationary applications at USD 145/kWh, NMC/LMO at USD 167/kWh and LFP somewhat higher at USD 224/kWh.
48. IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030 · PDF page 78
Narrow public claim
There will also be opportunities to amortise overhead costs over greater volumes, reducing this component as well.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030
- Section locator
PDF page 78- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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There will also be opportunities to amortise overhead costs over greater volumes, reducing this component as well.
49. IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030 · PDF page 85
Narrow public claim
The Li-ion batteries are used in daily cycling to provide continuous power quality during brownouts or short blackouts, while the lower-cost lead-acid batteries provide longer duration supply in case of lengthy blackouts.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030
- Section locator
PDF page 85- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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The Li-ion batteries are used in daily cycling to provide continuous power quality during brownouts or short blackouts, while the lower-cost lead-acid batteries provide longer duration supply in case of lengthy blackouts.
50. IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030 · PDF page 85
Narrow public claim
There are also synergies that can be exploited in charge and discharge cycles of both batteries to improve efficiency and extend lifetimes.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030
- Section locator
PDF page 85- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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There are also synergies that can be exploited in charge and discharge cycles of both batteries to improve efficiency and extend lifetimes.
51. IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030 · PDF page 86
Narrow public claim
This has led to comparably high retail prices.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030
- Section locator
PDF page 86- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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52. IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030 · PDF page 87
Narrow public claim
Can independently scale their energy and power characteristics.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030
- Section locator
PDF page 87- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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dbc54913127a59179294f88455ddc60d1f1ee5d0a932571df05169a64b44b91b- Reproduction
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Can independently scale their energy and power characteristics.
53. IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030 · PDF page 93
Narrow public claim
Because of good safety characteristics and high power densities, aqueous systems with inorganic redox materials are often considered for stationary applications.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030
- Section locator
PDF page 93- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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Because of good safety characteristics and high power densities, aqueous systems with inorganic redox materials are often considered for stationary applications.
54. IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030 · PDF page 95
Narrow public claim
Pathways to achieving a VRFB cost of USD 120/ kWh (excluding the cost of installation) have been explored and demonstrate as feasible, assuming a production volume of approximately 10 GWh per annum (Darling et al., 2014).
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030
- Section locator
PDF page 95- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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Pathways to achieving a VRFB cost of USD 120/ kWh (excluding the cost of installation) have been explored and demonstrate as feasible, assuming a production volume of approximately 10 GWh per annum (Darling et al., 2014).
55. IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030 · PDF page 95
Narrow public claim
These have the advantage of wider structural diversity and increased molecule availability from abundant natural resources (Li and Liu, 2017; Wei et al., 2015).
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030
- Section locator
PDF page 95- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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These have the advantage of wider structural diversity and increased molecule availability from abundant natural resources (Li and Liu, 2017; Wei et al., 2015).
56. IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030 · PDF page 97
Narrow public claim
This could potentially endanger the accident site.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030
- Section locator
PDF page 97- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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dbc54913127a59179294f88455ddc60d1f1ee5d0a932571df05169a64b44b91b- Reproduction
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57. IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030 · PDF page 97
Narrow public claim
It can especially affect the larger cells that are preferred for stationary storage applications.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030
- Section locator
PDF page 97- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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dbc54913127a59179294f88455ddc60d1f1ee5d0a932571df05169a64b44b91b- Reproduction
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It can especially affect the larger cells that are preferred for stationary storage applications.
58. IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030 · PDF page 100
Narrow public claim
The cost outlook for BES systems is promising.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030
- Section locator
PDF page 100- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
dbc54913127a59179294f88455ddc60d1f1ee5d0a932571df05169a64b44b91b- Reproduction
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59. IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030 · PDF page 105
Narrow public claim
The year of commissioning is typically three to five years following this date.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030
- Section locator
PDF page 105- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
dbc54913127a59179294f88455ddc60d1f1ee5d0a932571df05169a64b44b91b- Reproduction
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The year of commissioning is typically three to five years following this date.
60. IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030 · PDF page 106
Narrow public claim
2008-11, a considerable number of systems will reach the end of their remuneration scheme in or around 2030.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030
- Section locator
PDF page 106- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
dbc54913127a59179294f88455ddc60d1f1ee5d0a932571df05169a64b44b91b- Reproduction
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2008-11, a considerable number of systems will reach the end of their remuneration scheme in or around 2030.
61. IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030 · PDF page 107
Narrow public claim
These markets are often growing in importance and value, although they still may represent relatively small overall costs within the electricity system.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030
- Section locator
PDF page 107- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
dbc54913127a59179294f88455ddc60d1f1ee5d0a932571df05169a64b44b91b- Reproduction
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These markets are often growing in importance and value, although they still may represent relatively small overall costs within the electricity system.
62. IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030 · PDF page 110
Narrow public claim
Bloomberg (2017) ‘Move Over Tesla, Europe’s Building Its Own Battery Gigafactories’, Bloomberg.com, 22 May [Online].
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030
- Section locator
PDF page 110- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
dbc54913127a59179294f88455ddc60d1f1ee5d0a932571df05169a64b44b91b- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
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Bloomberg (2017) ‘Move Over Tesla, Europe’s Building Its Own Battery Gigafactories’, Bloomberg.com, 22 May [Online].
63. IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030 · PDF page 110
Narrow public claim
BNEF (2016) Electric vehicles to be 35% of global new car sales by 2040 [Online].
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030
- Section locator
PDF page 110- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
dbc54913127a59179294f88455ddc60d1f1ee5d0a932571df05169a64b44b91b- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
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Download the PDF to a local file, then run the committed verifier. A changed PDF is reported as drift rather than silently accepted.
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BNEF (2016) Electric vehicles to be 35% of global new car sales by 2040 [Online].
64. IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030 · PDF page 113
Narrow public claim
Full Report, Union of the Electricity Industry–EURELECTRIC [Online].
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030
- Section locator
PDF page 113- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
dbc54913127a59179294f88455ddc60d1f1ee5d0a932571df05169a64b44b91b- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
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python scripts/verify_primary_public_claim_group.py artifacts/cb7k_dom069_t07_primary_claims.json --source-file <local-raw-pdf>Exact source quote
Full Report, Union of the Electricity Industry–EURELECTRIC [Online].
65. IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030 · PDF page 113
Narrow public claim
(2016) This Unique Combo of Wind and Hydro Power Could Revolutionize Renewable Energy [Online].
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030
- Section locator
PDF page 113- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
dbc54913127a59179294f88455ddc60d1f1ee5d0a932571df05169a64b44b91b- Reproduction
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python scripts/verify_primary_public_claim_group.py artifacts/cb7k_dom069_t07_primary_claims.json --source-file <local-raw-pdf>Exact source quote
(2016) This Unique Combo of Wind and Hydro Power Could Revolutionize Renewable Energy [Online].
66. IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030 · PDF page 114
Narrow public claim
IHA (2017b) 2017 Hydropower Status Report, London, International Hydropower Association.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030
- Section locator
PDF page 114- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
dbc54913127a59179294f88455ddc60d1f1ee5d0a932571df05169a64b44b91b- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
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python scripts/verify_primary_public_claim_group.py artifacts/cb7k_dom069_t07_primary_claims.json --source-file <local-raw-pdf>Exact source quote
IHA (2017b) 2017 Hydropower Status Report, London, International Hydropower Association.
67. IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030 · PDF page 126
Narrow public claim
The Excel sheet contains basic instructions on how to use the tool.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030
- Section locator
PDF page 126- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
dbc54913127a59179294f88455ddc60d1f1ee5d0a932571df05169a64b44b91b- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
Repeat this exact check locally
Download the PDF to a local file, then run the committed verifier. A changed PDF is reported as drift rather than silently accepted.
python scripts/verify_primary_public_claim_group.py artifacts/cb7k_dom069_t07_primary_claims.json --source-file <local-raw-pdf>Exact source quote
The Excel sheet contains basic instructions on how to use the tool.
68. IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030 · PDF page 126
Narrow public claim
This annex describes the methodology used by the tool.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030
- Section locator
PDF page 126- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
dbc54913127a59179294f88455ddc60d1f1ee5d0a932571df05169a64b44b91b- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
Repeat this exact check locally
Download the PDF to a local file, then run the committed verifier. A changed PDF is reported as drift rather than silently accepted.
python scripts/verify_primary_public_claim_group.py artifacts/cb7k_dom069_t07_primary_claims.json --source-file <local-raw-pdf>Exact source quote
This annex describes the methodology used by the tool.
69. IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030 · PDF page 129
Narrow public claim
Calculation of the cost of service Depending on the type of application, the cost of service of the storage system is calculated by reference to its installed power or to its total energy throughput.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030
- Section locator
PDF page 129- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
dbc54913127a59179294f88455ddc60d1f1ee5d0a932571df05169a64b44b91b- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
Repeat this exact check locally
Download the PDF to a local file, then run the committed verifier. A changed PDF is reported as drift rather than silently accepted.
python scripts/verify_primary_public_claim_group.py artifacts/cb7k_dom069_t07_primary_claims.json --source-file <local-raw-pdf>Exact source quote
Calculation of the cost of service Depending on the type of application, the cost of service of the storage system is calculated by reference to its installed power or to its total energy throughput.
70. IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030 · PDF page 129
Narrow public claim
Energy applications The majority of storage systems are mainly used and sized based on the need to provide energy services in applications, while the exact amount of power is generally less important, (this is especially true in some applications, such as home storage systems, island grids, time-of-use management).
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IRENA Electricity Storage and Renewables: Costs and Markets to 2030
- Section locator
PDF page 129- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
dbc54913127a59179294f88455ddc60d1f1ee5d0a932571df05169a64b44b91b- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
Repeat this exact check locally
Download the PDF to a local file, then run the committed verifier. A changed PDF is reported as drift rather than silently accepted.
python scripts/verify_primary_public_claim_group.py artifacts/cb7k_dom069_t07_primary_claims.json --source-file <local-raw-pdf>Exact source quote
Energy applications The majority of storage systems are mainly used and sized based on the need to provide energy services in applications, while the exact amount of power is generally less important, (this is especially true in some applications, such as home storage systems, island grids, time-of-use management).