Consumer products

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Sweep participants were asked to survey a range of websites in their jurisdiction and to record a response indicating the degree to which products were available for sale, despite: being banned or recalled (“Tier 1”); having inadequate labelling (“Tier 2”); or not meeting voluntary or mandatory product safety standards (“Tier 3”).

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More than 4,000 products were inspected in the categories of toys/games, household electrical, household non-electrical, sporting/recreation, apparel, children/infant, and portable technology.

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The high non-compliance rate suggests that there is room, particularly for online marketplaces and foreign suppliers, to increase their efforts to stay up to date with local recalls, which can be initiated rapidly and may change frequently.

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While sweepers reported that 47% of products swept had safety information displayed somewhere in the listing, the results point to a need for more and clearer information online.

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The 2021 Sweep results thereby confirm that online retailers and marketplaces should further enhance their ability to identify and remove unsafe products from their websites.

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Many physical stores were moved online for the first time, and many other businesses conducted online or telephone sales exclusively.

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Some of these risks potentially require new measures, such as new regulation, better enforcement and business self-regulatory initiatives such as product safety pledges.

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Pledges in the European Union8 and Australia9 aim to protect consumers from safety risks when shopping online by encouraging online marketplaces to strengthen product safety measures.

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Design of the sweep The sweep was coordinated, designed, and implemented by the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) and the Korea Consumer Agency (KCA).

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The methodology was closely based on the methodology used in 2015, where products were broken down by tier, product category, website type and supplier location.

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A key factor explaining this difference is that the sweep was conducted over a whole month, rather than a four-day period in 2015, allowing some jurisdictions time to investigate more products.

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By narrowing the number of product categories, the intent was to achieve sample sizes large enough to provide meaningful and comparable results, enabling better identification of trends and emerging issues to inform policy and enforcement priorities.

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Online marketplaces: a web-based platform provided by an independent third party upon which suppliers may offer for sale their products.

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The sweeping process Sweep participants were asked to consider tier, product category, website type and supplier location when selecting products to include in the sweep.

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Product types within product categories inspected were not selected at random but were already products of concern based on internal data.

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This meant that compliance rates referred to throughout this report are not reflective of all products online in a particular category, but rather of those products that may already pose concerns.

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In addition, because product safety laws may differ between jurisdictions, a product may be recorded as compliant in one jurisdiction but not in another.

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As a result, the composition of the sample of jurisdictions participating in the sweep can play a role in the overall compliance rates measured.

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In contrast, in the 2015 Sweep where there was insufficient information to form a conclusion on compliance, this was recorded as non-compliant.

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While five of the seven product categories selected to sweep were also covered in the 2015 Sweep, within those categories, jurisdictions were free to choose which types of products and how many to investigate, in line with their respective interests and priorities.

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To mitigate the impacts of differences in sample sizes and enable more meaningful comparisons between the two sweeps, comparisons are based on average non-compliance rates calculated at the level of each product category and tier.

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As the sweep took place in 2021 during the COVID-19 pandemic, results may be affected by the pandemic’s effect on the global e-commerce landscape.

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Product safety laws differ between jurisdictions (as highlighted above), and product safety priorities within a jurisdiction may change over time, which may affect the extent to which specific products were investigated over others.

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Sweepers found it difficult in these circumstances to ascertain whether a product met the requirements of a standard because there was inadequate information available to make an accurate assessment.

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These standards require tests to show compliance and certain warnings and safety information to be provided on the battery, packaging and in instructions.

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This may be because Korea has three mandatory Acts that provide for the safety of products supplied online for electronic15, children’s16 and electrical appliances17.

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Portable Technology had the second highest levels of non-compliance, with 24 out of 40 (57%) websites recorded as non-compliant and Household Electrical, with 397 out of 671 (54%) was third highest.

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A large proportion of unsure responses were recorded for Apparel, with sweepers unsure whether the website was compliant or not in 119 out of 180 (66%) instances.

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For example, Australia bans certain small high-powered magnets that have a magnetic strength (flux) above a set strength.

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Approximately three quarters (77%) of products inspected were available from online marketplaces, with 54% average non-compliance rate.

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The split between foreign (49%) and domestic sellers (43%) was relatively even with only a small number of suppliers’ locations unknown (8%).

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Most of these actions were requests for online marketplaces to take down the listing (567) for banned or recalled products.

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With this in mind, this section provides an overall comparison with the 2015 Sweep results.

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Furthermore, to address differences in sample composition, the averages of compliance rates at the level of the tier and the website type in 2015 and 2021 were calculated and compared.

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On the other hand, the average non compliance rate under each tier (74%, 85% and 39% in 2015 / 97%, 79% and 74% in 2021) indicates that compliance in tier 2 was lower in 2021.

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The average non-compliance rate in tier 2 was lower in the Sweep (79%) compared to that in the 2015 Sweep (84%).

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In the 2015 Sweep, sweepers were asked to record whether the product was available on an online marketplace or a retailer’s website.

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Most products inspected in the 2015 Sweep in tiers 1 and 2 were found on online marketplaces, whereas most products inspected in tier 3 were found on retailer websites.

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In most cases if a product was found for sale on a website in the jurisdiction in which it was banned or recalled, the product was recorded as non-compliant.

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For 9% of products the sweeper was unsure whether it was available for sale or banned/recalled, based on the information available.

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Nearly half of the 1,073 products inspected in the Toys/games category were bath toys and inflatable baby bath aids.

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Products swept by supplier location, Tier 1 Supplier location Foreign supplier Domestic supplier Location unsure Products swept 985 151 60 Among foreign suppliers, 94% were found to make available for purchase a banned/recalled product, and among domestic suppliers, this figure stood at 52%.

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There were a small number of instances where a sweeper was unable to determine whether a product captured by a ban or recall was available for sale.

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In tier 1, average non-compliance rates in the 2021 Sweep (97%) were higher than in the 2015 Sweep (74%) (Tables 8 and 9).

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In the 2015 Sweep, the number of products swept on online marketplaces (346) and retailer websites (312) were similar, however in the 2021 Sweep jurisdictions focused more on online marketplaces (1,069) rather than retailer websites (127).

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The products chosen were to be available for sale in their jurisdiction and they could search for them on websites both within and outside of their jurisdiction.

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Sweep participants could check the product labelling by searching for a picture of the labelling at point of sale online.

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Even though there were many unsure responses, in many instances the sweeper recorded that there were warnings and safety information provided elsewhere on the listing, not necessarily in the same form and content as required by a standard.

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This section analyses whether there was adequate labelling and safety information from a regulator’s perspective (compliant or non-compliant), as well as from a consumer’s perspective (warnings and safety information provided somewhere).

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Further analysis of the unsure responses in tier 2, found that even though it was difficult for jurisdictions to establish whether a product met the labelling and safety information requirements of a standard from visual online inspections alone, in 47% of cases there was some additional safety information within the listing which may assist consumers in assessing the product’s safety.

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While some additional safety information was available to consumers in almost half of the listings examined, these findings highlight an opportunity to address the issue of information asymmetry when consumers are shopping online: even if consumers are thinking about product safety when shopping online, they may find themselves unable to make a fully informed decision about whether a product is safe or not, resulting in unintentional exposure to risk of harm from unsafe or non-compliant products.

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To illustrate examples where additional safety information was available to consumers, this section compares the results from a compliance perspective (as per the requirements of the standard) and instances where there was some additional safety information available.

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Compliance vs additional safety information available for Household non-electrical products* *The Household non-electrical category was chosen because it had the highest ‘unsure’ responses.

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Compliance vs additional safety information available for Toys/Games products* *The Toys/Games category was chosen because it had the most responses overall.

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Button/coin batteries (387) were the most inspected products in tier 2, followed by Products containing button batteries (126) and Playsets (80).

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Button/coin batteries (5%), Quad bikes (5%) and Car seat/child restraint (8%) had the lowest levels of compliance recorded.

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Where non-compliance could be determined online marketplaces (32%) had more instances of non-compliance than retailers (28%).

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They were asked to check whether the product complies with voluntary or mandatory standard requirements by assessing the information available online or purchasing a sample from websites and testing in accordance with the relevant requirements.

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The higher non-compliance rate for physically examined products is likely because products chosen for physical examination were already suspected to be non-compliant after online inspection.

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It had the highest percentage of non compliance at 58%, with Children/infant and Toys/games product category next highest with 34%.

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Button/coin batteries (190) was the most popular product inspected, followed by Kitchen appliances – other (131) and Prams and strollers (127).

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Products swept by website type, Tier 3 Website type Retailer Online marketplace Products swept 486 1207 Retailers had slightly better rates of compliance when compared to online marketplaces.

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Some online marketplaces were inspected by only one jurisdiction, while others were swept by multiple jurisdictions.

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For example, Singapore was the only jurisdiction that inspected Lazada, while eBay and Amazon21 were inspected by 5 or more jurisdictions.

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Products swept by website type, Tier 3 Supplier location Location unsure Foreign supplier Domestic supplier Products swept 122 504 1067 Domestic suppliers had the greatest number of compliant products (41%), and foreign suppliers had the greatest number of non-compliant products (58%).

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Product Tiers The selected products will be investigated under one of the three categories listed below.

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Household electrical Any product that is intended to be used whilst connected to a power outlet and may be found in a typical household (e.g., plug adapter, microwave).

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Household non-electrical Any product that may be found in a typical household and is not reliant upon constant connection to a power outlet when being used (e.g., novelty lighter, tempered glass lid).

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Children/infant Any product that is intended to be used primarily by infants or children aged less than 3 years (e.g., baby walker, highchair).

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Download the PDF to a local file, then run the committed verifier. A changed PDF is reported as drift rather than silently accepted.

python scripts/verify_primary_public_claim_group.py artifacts/cb7k_dom093_t07_primary_claims.json --source-file <local-raw-pdf>

This category excludes products intended to be used in Sporting/recreational contexts and Toys/games irrespective of the age of the consumer such products may be targeted towards.

Evidence card JSONRendered card