CLAIMBOUND / SOURCE-PUBLICATION EVIDENCE
E-commerce
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1. UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability · PDF page 3
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Boosted by the COVID-19 pandemic, more people and businesses are going online to look for the goods and services they wish to purchase (UNCTAD, 2021e, 2022c).
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability
- Section locator
PDF page 3- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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879521a8e96f4a462fcc6e78908a656b4d66165c5259c049f1a6c64831cbea4c- Reproduction
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Boosted by the COVID-19 pandemic, more people and businesses are going online to look for the goods and services they wish to purchase (UNCTAD, 2021e, 2022c).
2. UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability · PDF page 3
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Business-to-business (B2B) e-commerce plays an important role in global value chains and often involves electronic data interchange and online versions of traditional transactions for goods, which are then sold to consumers through retail outlets.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability
- Section locator
PDF page 3- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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879521a8e96f4a462fcc6e78908a656b4d66165c5259c049f1a6c64831cbea4c- Reproduction
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Business-to-business (B2B) e-commerce plays an important role in global value chains and often involves electronic data interchange and online versions of traditional transactions for goods, which are then sold to consumers through retail outlets.
3. UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability · PDF page 4
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By 1999, an estimated 250 million users were accessing the Internet and about one quarter of them made purchases online from e-commerce sites, worth an estimated $110 billion (OECD, 2000).
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability
- Section locator
PDF page 4- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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879521a8e96f4a462fcc6e78908a656b4d66165c5259c049f1a6c64831cbea4c- Reproduction
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By 1999, an estimated 250 million users were accessing the Internet and about one quarter of them made purchases online from e-commerce sites, worth an estimated $110 billion (OECD, 2000).
4. UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability · PDF page 4
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Furthermore, while the latter account for around 40 per cent of global GDP, their share of business e-commerce sales is at most 25 per cent, suggesting significant growth potential.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability
- Section locator
PDF page 4- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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879521a8e96f4a462fcc6e78908a656b4d66165c5259c049f1a6c64831cbea4c- Reproduction
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Furthermore, while the latter account for around 40 per cent of global GDP, their share of business e-commerce sales is at most 25 per cent, suggesting significant growth potential.
5. UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability · PDF page 7
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E-commerce can also offer women opportunities for flexible entrepreneurship and the possibility to earn additional income (International Finance Corporation, 2021a).3 Online platforms provide new ways of overcoming traditional gendered barriers to trade, such as lack of access to trade finance, trade costs associated with physical distance and entry into male-dominated sectors and distribution networks.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability
- Section locator
PDF page 7- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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879521a8e96f4a462fcc6e78908a656b4d66165c5259c049f1a6c64831cbea4c- Reproduction
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E-commerce can also offer women opportunities for flexible entrepreneurship and the possibility to earn additional income (International Finance Corporation, 2021a).3 Online platforms provide new ways of overcoming traditional gendered barriers to trade, such as lack of access to trade finance, trade costs associated with physical distance and entry into male-dominated sectors and distribution networks.
6. UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability · PDF page 7
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Closing gender gaps in sales performance on e-commerce platforms between 2025 and could yield an additional $280 billion in platform revenues in South-East Asia, while in Africa, additional gains of $14.6 billion have been foreseen (International Finance Corporation, 2021a, 2021b).
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability
- Section locator
PDF page 7- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
879521a8e96f4a462fcc6e78908a656b4d66165c5259c049f1a6c64831cbea4c- Reproduction
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Repeat this exact check locally
Download the PDF to a local file, then run the committed verifier. A changed PDF is reported as drift rather than silently accepted.
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Closing gender gaps in sales performance on e-commerce platforms between 2025 and could yield an additional $280 billion in platform revenues in South-East Asia, while in Africa, additional gains of $14.6 billion have been foreseen (International Finance Corporation, 2021a, 2021b).
7. UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability · PDF page 10
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Each component of the e-commerce logistics supply chain carries potential environmental risks that can have adverse impacts on biodiversity, food and water security and local livelihoods.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability
- Section locator
PDF page 10- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
879521a8e96f4a462fcc6e78908a656b4d66165c5259c049f1a6c64831cbea4c- Reproduction
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Each component of the e-commerce logistics supply chain carries potential environmental risks that can have adverse impacts on biodiversity, food and water security and local livelihoods.
8. UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability · PDF page 10
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Research, data and information that consider such environmental and social impacts are mainly available in developed countries.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability
- Section locator
PDF page 10- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
879521a8e96f4a462fcc6e78908a656b4d66165c5259c049f1a6c64831cbea4c- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
Repeat this exact check locally
Download the PDF to a local file, then run the committed verifier. A changed PDF is reported as drift rather than silently accepted.
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Research, data and information that consider such environmental and social impacts are mainly available in developed countries.
9. UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability · PDF page 11
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Other environmental impact indicators include energy efficiency per unit fulfilled, calculated on the basis of energy consumption per unit, as well as water use, land use and road traffic arising from e-commerce (Collini et al., 2023).
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability
- Section locator
PDF page 11- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
879521a8e96f4a462fcc6e78908a656b4d66165c5259c049f1a6c64831cbea4c- Reproduction
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Repeat this exact check locally
Download the PDF to a local file, then run the committed verifier. A changed PDF is reported as drift rather than silently accepted.
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Other environmental impact indicators include energy efficiency per unit fulfilled, calculated on the basis of energy consumption per unit, as well as water use, land use and road traffic arising from e-commerce (Collini et al., 2023).
10. UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability · PDF page 11
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The focus is on stock replenishment, order picking and assembly, delivery and post-sale activities as well as on specific components that influence the environmental impact of online and offline fulfilment processes (Mangiaracina et al., 2016; Siragusa and Tumino, 2022).
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability
- Section locator
PDF page 11- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
879521a8e96f4a462fcc6e78908a656b4d66165c5259c049f1a6c64831cbea4c- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
Repeat this exact check locally
Download the PDF to a local file, then run the committed verifier. A changed PDF is reported as drift rather than silently accepted.
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The focus is on stock replenishment, order picking and assembly, delivery and post-sale activities as well as on specific components that influence the environmental impact of online and offline fulfilment processes (Mangiaracina et al., 2016; Siragusa and Tumino, 2022).
11. UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability · PDF page 11
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“pure-play” e-commerce companies just require a warehouse to store their products, e-commerce omnichannel operations can require three times the warehouse space compared to traditional retail (Prologis, 2016).
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability
- Section locator
PDF page 11- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
879521a8e96f4a462fcc6e78908a656b4d66165c5259c049f1a6c64831cbea4c- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
Repeat this exact check locally
Download the PDF to a local file, then run the committed verifier. A changed PDF is reported as drift rather than silently accepted.
python scripts/verify_primary_public_claim_group.py artifacts/cb7k_dom092_t02_primary_claims.json --source-file <local-raw-pdf>Exact source quote
“pure-play” e-commerce companies just require a warehouse to store their products, e-commerce omnichannel operations can require three times the warehouse space compared to traditional retail (Prologis, 2016).
12. UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability · PDF page 11
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A study of eight European countries found that e-commerce warehouses occupy less than 0.3 per cent of artificialized land (natural land that has been converted into artificial land surfaces, ranging from urban green spaces to industrial zones) and that, when factoring in logistics, selling and parking space,overall land use was considerably higher for physical retail.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability
- Section locator
PDF page 11- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
879521a8e96f4a462fcc6e78908a656b4d66165c5259c049f1a6c64831cbea4c- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
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A study of eight European countries found that e-commerce warehouses occupy less than 0.3 per cent of artificialized land (natural land that has been converted into artificial land surfaces, ranging from urban green spaces to industrial zones) and that, when factoring in logistics, selling and parking space,overall land use was considerably higher for physical retail.
13. UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability · PDF page 13
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In particular, e-commerce significantly contributes to environmental waste and carbon pollutants through the use of cardboard boxes, with the issue being exacerbated when increased packaging and low-grade, hard-to-recycle materials such as printed return forms and sticky labels are used for online returns (Escursell et al., 2020; Zhang et al., 2023).
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability
- Section locator
PDF page 13- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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879521a8e96f4a462fcc6e78908a656b4d66165c5259c049f1a6c64831cbea4c- Reproduction
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In particular, e-commerce significantly contributes to environmental waste and carbon pollutants through the use of cardboard boxes, with the issue being exacerbated when increased packaging and low-grade, hard-to-recycle materials such as printed return forms and sticky labels are used for online returns (Escursell et al., 2020; Zhang et al., 2023).
14. UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability · PDF page 13
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Regardless of the delivery method, reducing unnecessary layers of packaging, changing box dimensions or removing boxes altogether can reduce carbon emissions by up to 36 per cent (MIT Real Estate Innovation Lab, 2020).
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability
- Section locator
PDF page 13- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
879521a8e96f4a462fcc6e78908a656b4d66165c5259c049f1a6c64831cbea4c- Reproduction
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Regardless of the delivery method, reducing unnecessary layers of packaging, changing box dimensions or removing boxes altogether can reduce carbon emissions by up to 36 per cent (MIT Real Estate Innovation Lab, 2020).
15. UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability · PDF page 15
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Similarly, electrically assisted cargo bikes and tricycles, which make it possible to cover long distances and carry substantial loads while navigating hills, were identified as the most effective logistics vehicles for urban last-mile delivery in Brazil, China and Germany (de Mello Bandeira et al., 2019; Siegfried and Zhang, 2021).
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability
- Section locator
PDF page 15- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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879521a8e96f4a462fcc6e78908a656b4d66165c5259c049f1a6c64831cbea4c- Reproduction
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Similarly, electrically assisted cargo bikes and tricycles, which make it possible to cover long distances and carry substantial loads while navigating hills, were identified as the most effective logistics vehicles for urban last-mile delivery in Brazil, China and Germany (de Mello Bandeira et al., 2019; Siegfried and Zhang, 2021).
16. UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability · PDF page 15
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Similarly, while delivery vehicles tend to have higher rates of GHG emissions per mile than private vehicles, they were able to transport more items and use route optimization to travel directly from one destination to another, as opposed to private trips that required unique round trips (Wygonik and Goodchild, 2018; Zimmermann et al., 2020; Klein and Popp, 2022).
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability
- Section locator
PDF page 15- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
879521a8e96f4a462fcc6e78908a656b4d66165c5259c049f1a6c64831cbea4c- Reproduction
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Similarly, while delivery vehicles tend to have higher rates of GHG emissions per mile than private vehicles, they were able to transport more items and use route optimization to travel directly from one destination to another, as opposed to private trips that required unique round trips (Wygonik and Goodchild, 2018; Zimmermann et al., 2020; Klein and Popp, 2022).
17. UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability · PDF page 15
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The number of items purchased per shopping trip is another important factor, as emissions are allocated based on the number of items transported (Siragusa and Tumino, 2022).
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability
- Section locator
PDF page 15- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
879521a8e96f4a462fcc6e78908a656b4d66165c5259c049f1a6c64831cbea4c- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
Repeat this exact check locally
Download the PDF to a local file, then run the committed verifier. A changed PDF is reported as drift rather than silently accepted.
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The number of items purchased per shopping trip is another important factor, as emissions are allocated based on the number of items transported (Siragusa and Tumino, 2022).
18. UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability · PDF page 15
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Demands for the convenience of being able to have products delivered on the same or next day greatly increases the carbon footprint (Roberts et al., 2023).
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability
- Section locator
PDF page 15- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
879521a8e96f4a462fcc6e78908a656b4d66165c5259c049f1a6c64831cbea4c- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
Repeat this exact check locally
Download the PDF to a local file, then run the committed verifier. A changed PDF is reported as drift rather than silently accepted.
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Demands for the convenience of being able to have products delivered on the same or next day greatly increases the carbon footprint (Roberts et al., 2023).
19. UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability · PDF page 16
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The growth of e-commerce has been accompanied by a rise in product returns, the rates of which tend to be much higher for online shopping than for in-store purchases (Roberts et al., 2023).
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability
- Section locator
PDF page 16- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
879521a8e96f4a462fcc6e78908a656b4d66165c5259c049f1a6c64831cbea4c- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
Repeat this exact check locally
Download the PDF to a local file, then run the committed verifier. A changed PDF is reported as drift rather than silently accepted.
python scripts/verify_primary_public_claim_group.py artifacts/cb7k_dom092_t02_primary_claims.json --source-file <local-raw-pdf>Exact source quote
The growth of e-commerce has been accompanied by a rise in product returns, the rates of which tend to be much higher for online shopping than for in-store purchases (Roberts et al., 2023).
20. UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability · PDF page 16
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One reason for the high rate of returns in e-commerce is that the consumer cannot see or try out the products before buying them (Pålsson et al., 2017; Ghezzi et al., 2012).
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability
- Section locator
PDF page 16- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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One reason for the high rate of returns in e-commerce is that the consumer cannot see or try out the products before buying them (Pålsson et al., 2017; Ghezzi et al., 2012).
21. UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability · PDF page 16
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Higher return rates for e-commerce are also associated with more packaging waste than returns to bricks-and-mortar stores (Zhang et al., 2023).
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PDF page 16- Captured
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Higher return rates for e-commerce are also associated with more packaging waste than returns to bricks-and-mortar stores (Zhang et al., 2023).
22. UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability · PDF page 16
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The environmental harm associated with the wilful destruction of returned products is especially problematic from a sustainability point of view (Roberts et al., 2023).
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability
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PDF page 16- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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The environmental harm associated with the wilful destruction of returned products is especially problematic from a sustainability point of view (Roberts et al., 2023).
23. UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability · PDF page 17
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Consumer behaviour E-commerce has been found to boost consumption overall due to enhanced accessibility and convenience, lower prices and greater product variety.
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- UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability
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PDF page 17- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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Consumer behaviour E-commerce has been found to boost consumption overall due to enhanced accessibility and convenience, lower prices and greater product variety.
24. UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability · PDF page 17
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On the one hand, combining online browsing with click-and-collect or delivery can optimize shopping and reduce the need for unnecessary transportation of items.
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PDF page 17- Captured
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On the one hand, combining online browsing with click-and-collect or delivery can optimize shopping and reduce the need for unnecessary transportation of items.
25. UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability · PDF page 18
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A 2023 survey of more than 16,000 shoppers across 16 countries found that per cent of shoppers born between and 2012 (“Gen Z”) and 34 per cent of those born between 1981 and 1996 (“Millennials”) engage in cross-border shopping 12 or more times per year.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability
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PDF page 18- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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A 2023 survey of more than 16,000 shoppers across 16 countries found that per cent of shoppers born between and 2012 (“Gen Z”) and 34 per cent of those born between 1981 and 1996 (“Millennials”) engage in cross-border shopping 12 or more times per year.
26. UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability · PDF page 18
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Concern for sustainability was expressed by 94 per cent for Gen Z shoppers and 93 per cent for Millennial shoppers, compared with only 77 per cent of those born between 1946 and 1964 (Ndure, 2023).
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability
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PDF page 18- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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Concern for sustainability was expressed by 94 per cent for Gen Z shoppers and 93 per cent for Millennial shoppers, compared with only 77 per cent of those born between 1946 and 1964 (Ndure, 2023).
27. UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability · PDF page 18
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While a 2013 study found that traditional shopping had twice as high a carbon footprint as online shopping (Weideli, 2013), the advantage of e-commerce diminished when taking into account the entire buying process, based on fast deliveries, the customer’s location (urban versus suburban) and choice of transportation (personal car versus public transport).
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability
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PDF page 18- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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While a 2013 study found that traditional shopping had twice as high a carbon footprint as online shopping (Weideli, 2013), the advantage of e-commerce diminished when taking into account the entire buying process, based on fast deliveries, the customer’s location (urban versus suburban) and choice of transportation (personal car versus public transport).
28. UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability · PDF page 18
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Regionally, online shopping can reduce GHG emissions in car-reliant areas but may increase emissions in places where consumers may be more used to walking or cycling to shops (Weideli, 2013; van Loon et al., 2015; Shahmohammadi et al., 2020).
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability
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PDF page 18- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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Regionally, online shopping can reduce GHG emissions in car-reliant areas but may increase emissions in places where consumers may be more used to walking or cycling to shops (Weideli, 2013; van Loon et al., 2015; Shahmohammadi et al., 2020).
29. UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability · PDF page 19
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Government policy and legislation can play a role, as can adopting more inclusive and environmentally sustainable e-commerce practices and business models and encouraging consumers to be better informed and to change their behaviour.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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PDF page 19- Captured
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Government policy and legislation can play a role, as can adopting more inclusive and environmentally sustainable e-commerce practices and business models and encouraging consumers to be better informed and to change their behaviour.
30. UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability · PDF page 19
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The design of policy measures and transformative actions across the e-commerce supply ecosystem – from sourcing and production to distribution, retail and consumption – can be improved.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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PDF page 19- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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The design of policy measures and transformative actions across the e-commerce supply ecosystem – from sourcing and production to distribution, retail and consumption – can be improved.
31. UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability · PDF page 20
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Locating warehouses closer to customers can help stem mileage and reduce fragmented last-mile transportation (Shahmohammadi et al., 2020; Oliver Wyman, 2021).
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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PDF page 20- Captured
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Locating warehouses closer to customers can help stem mileage and reduce fragmented last-mile transportation (Shahmohammadi et al., 2020; Oliver Wyman, 2021).
32. UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability · PDF page 20
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At the same time, this can also create inefficiencies that include generating more aggregate energy consumption across multiple sites and higher overall inventory levels (DHL, 2021).
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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PDF page 20- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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At the same time, this can also create inefficiencies that include generating more aggregate energy consumption across multiple sites and higher overall inventory levels (DHL, 2021).
33. UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability · PDF page 20
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Integrating e-commerce warehouses into dense, mixed-use urban areas can also present other development challenges, including adverse health and environmental effects on the local population (Buldeo Rai, 2023).
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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PDF page 20- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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Integrating e-commerce warehouses into dense, mixed-use urban areas can also present other development challenges, including adverse health and environmental effects on the local population (Buldeo Rai, 2023).
34. UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability · PDF page 20
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From a broader sustainable development perspective, such efforts should be accompanied by measures to ensure decent work conditions of e-commerce warehouse workers (ILO, 2023c).
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability
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PDF page 20- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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From a broader sustainable development perspective, such efforts should be accompanied by measures to ensure decent work conditions of e-commerce warehouse workers (ILO, 2023c).
35. UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability · PDF page 21
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In a survey on packaging sustainability trends, per cent of consumers across Europe, North America and South America found it important to purchase products packaged in environmentally friendly materials (Trivium Packaging, 2022).
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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PDF page 21- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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In a survey on packaging sustainability trends, per cent of consumers across Europe, North America and South America found it important to purchase products packaged in environmentally friendly materials (Trivium Packaging, 2022).
36. UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability · PDF page 21
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Other measures include subsidizing research and development related to recyclable and degradable materials and offering subsidies for the consumption of these materials (Wang et al., 2023).
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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PDF page 21- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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Other measures include subsidizing research and development related to recyclable and degradable materials and offering subsidies for the consumption of these materials (Wang et al., 2023).
37. UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability · PDF page 21
Narrow public claim
The design of innovative packaging systems, such as reusable plastic crates to counter the growing use of single-use cardboard boxes, can also reduce plastic packaging waste (Coelho et al., 2020).
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability
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PDF page 21- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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The design of innovative packaging systems, such as reusable plastic crates to counter the growing use of single-use cardboard boxes, can also reduce plastic packaging waste (Coelho et al., 2020).
38. UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability · PDF page 21
Narrow public claim
The company uses packaging that is recyclable and has received the Forest Stewardship Council-certified or soon-to-be certified seal, guaranteeing that all manufacturing processes adhere to responsible forest practices (Mercado Libre, 2023).
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability
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PDF page 21- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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The company uses packaging that is recyclable and has received the Forest Stewardship Council-certified or soon-to-be certified seal, guaranteeing that all manufacturing processes adhere to responsible forest practices (Mercado Libre, 2023).
39. UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability · PDF page 23
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Contributing approximately one quarter of all energy related GHG emissions, the transport sector is one of the largest sources of both urban and regional air pollution (UNEP, 2023a).
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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PDF page 23- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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Contributing approximately one quarter of all energy related GHG emissions, the transport sector is one of the largest sources of both urban and regional air pollution (UNEP, 2023a).
40. UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability · PDF page 23
Narrow public claim
Growing demand for e-commerce is estimated to increase by 36 per cent the number of delivery vehicles within inner cities by 2030 (WEF, 2020a), with consequent environmental risks.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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PDF page 23- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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Growing demand for e-commerce is estimated to increase by 36 per cent the number of delivery vehicles within inner cities by 2030 (WEF, 2020a), with consequent environmental risks.
41. UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability · PDF page 23
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With an ecosystem-wide change, however, different measures could reduce emissions and traffic congestion by 30 per cent, and delivery costs by 25 per cent, compared to a “do-nothing” scenario.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability
- Section locator
PDF page 23- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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With an ecosystem-wide change, however, different measures could reduce emissions and traffic congestion by 30 per cent, and delivery costs by 25 per cent, compared to a “do-nothing” scenario.
42. UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability · PDF page 23
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In urban settings, last-mile delivery can be made more sustainable by employing electric L-category vehicles, such as mopeds, motorbikes and compact electric vehicles (Ranieri et al., 2018), which significantly reduce emissions when charged with renewable energy (IPCC, 2022b).
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability
- Section locator
PDF page 23- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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879521a8e96f4a462fcc6e78908a656b4d66165c5259c049f1a6c64831cbea4c- Reproduction
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In urban settings, last-mile delivery can be made more sustainable by employing electric L-category vehicles, such as mopeds, motorbikes and compact electric vehicles (Ranieri et al., 2018), which significantly reduce emissions when charged with renewable energy (IPCC, 2022b).
43. UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability · PDF page 24
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For last-mile deliveries, Lazada also deploys zero-emission cargo bicycles in densely populated regions in Indonesia and electric scooters that cover up to 20 km and can deliver more than 100 parcels per charge in Viet Nam (Lazada Group, 2022).
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability
- Section locator
PDF page 24- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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879521a8e96f4a462fcc6e78908a656b4d66165c5259c049f1a6c64831cbea4c- Reproduction
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For last-mile deliveries, Lazada also deploys zero-emission cargo bicycles in densely populated regions in Indonesia and electric scooters that cover up to 20 km and can deliver more than 100 parcels per charge in Viet Nam (Lazada Group, 2022).
44. UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability · PDF page 24
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In Romania, e-commerce platform eMAG, together with Sameday, a courier company, has a “green delivery” service using only electric cars (Ecommerce Europe, 2020).
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability
- Section locator
PDF page 24- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
879521a8e96f4a462fcc6e78908a656b4d66165c5259c049f1a6c64831cbea4c- Reproduction
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In Romania, e-commerce platform eMAG, together with Sameday, a courier company, has a “green delivery” service using only electric cars (Ecommerce Europe, 2020).
45. UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability · PDF page 24
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In the United Kingdom, Ikea has invested $5.56 million in charging infrastructure to achieve 100 per cent zero-emission deliveries by 2025 with a renewable energy-powered fleet of electric vehicles (Fleetnews, 2023).
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability
- Section locator
PDF page 24- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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879521a8e96f4a462fcc6e78908a656b4d66165c5259c049f1a6c64831cbea4c- Reproduction
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In the United Kingdom, Ikea has invested $5.56 million in charging infrastructure to achieve 100 per cent zero-emission deliveries by 2025 with a renewable energy-powered fleet of electric vehicles (Fleetnews, 2023).
46. UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability · PDF page 24
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Other mitigation strategies include battery swapping systems to reduce the burden on the power grid during peak demand periods and reducing electric vehicle energy consumption through more efficient cooling systems (Energy Sector Management Assistance Program, 2023).
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability
- Section locator
PDF page 24- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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879521a8e96f4a462fcc6e78908a656b4d66165c5259c049f1a6c64831cbea4c- Reproduction
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Other mitigation strategies include battery swapping systems to reduce the burden on the power grid during peak demand periods and reducing electric vehicle energy consumption through more efficient cooling systems (Energy Sector Management Assistance Program, 2023).
47. UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability · PDF page 25
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In the United States, for 96 per cent of surveyed consumers, free shipping was the most important consideration when making an online purchase, followed by free returns (79 per cent) (Power Reviews, 2021).
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability
- Section locator
PDF page 25- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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879521a8e96f4a462fcc6e78908a656b4d66165c5259c049f1a6c64831cbea4c- Reproduction
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In the United States, for 96 per cent of surveyed consumers, free shipping was the most important consideration when making an online purchase, followed by free returns (79 per cent) (Power Reviews, 2021).
48. UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability · PDF page 25
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In the United Kingdom, flexible return policies have become the norm, with half of consumers stating that a retailer’s return policy influences where they shop, and 18 per cent only choose retailers that offer free returns (Barclaycard, 2019).
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability
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PDF page 25- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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879521a8e96f4a462fcc6e78908a656b4d66165c5259c049f1a6c64831cbea4c- Reproduction
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In the United Kingdom, flexible return policies have become the norm, with half of consumers stating that a retailer’s return policy influences where they shop, and 18 per cent only choose retailers that offer free returns (Barclaycard, 2019).
49. UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability · PDF page 25
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Under European Union rules, a trader must repair, replace, reduce the price or provide a refund if goods bought turn out to be faulty or do not look or work as advertised (European Union, 2023): Consumers who have purchased a product or service online or outside a shop, have the right to cancel and return their order within 14 days, for any reason and without a justification.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability
- Section locator
PDF page 25- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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879521a8e96f4a462fcc6e78908a656b4d66165c5259c049f1a6c64831cbea4c- Reproduction
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Download the PDF to a local file, then run the committed verifier. A changed PDF is reported as drift rather than silently accepted.
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Under European Union rules, a trader must repair, replace, reduce the price or provide a refund if goods bought turn out to be faulty or do not look or work as advertised (European Union, 2023): Consumers who have purchased a product or service online or outside a shop, have the right to cancel and return their order within 14 days, for any reason and without a justification.
50. UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability · PDF page 26
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There have been several reports of fast fashion and luxury brands burning and shredding unused and unsold stock to prevent the reselling of stock by unauthorized vendors on the grey market or its return for cash (Lee, 2023; Financial Times, 2023).
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability
- Section locator
PDF page 26- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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879521a8e96f4a462fcc6e78908a656b4d66165c5259c049f1a6c64831cbea4c- Reproduction
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Download the PDF to a local file, then run the committed verifier. A changed PDF is reported as drift rather than silently accepted.
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There have been several reports of fast fashion and luxury brands burning and shredding unused and unsold stock to prevent the reselling of stock by unauthorized vendors on the grey market or its return for cash (Lee, 2023; Financial Times, 2023).
51. UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability · PDF page 26
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Some companies may have neither the time nor the technology to distinguish damaged goods from those returned (Symons, 2023).
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability
- Section locator
PDF page 26- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
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Some companies may have neither the time nor the technology to distinguish damaged goods from those returned (Symons, 2023).
52. UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability · PDF page 26
Narrow public claim
Smaller e-commerce companies may also opt to send unwanted goods to an incinerator or landfill instead of paying for the warehouses of larger platforms (European Commission, Joint Research Centre et al., 2020).
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability
- Section locator
PDF page 26- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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879521a8e96f4a462fcc6e78908a656b4d66165c5259c049f1a6c64831cbea4c- Reproduction
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Smaller e-commerce companies may also opt to send unwanted goods to an incinerator or landfill instead of paying for the warehouses of larger platforms (European Commission, Joint Research Centre et al., 2020).
53. UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability · PDF page 26
Narrow public claim
Germany has put in place a “duty of care” legal principle for producers and retailers along with mandatory reporting requirements for the types and volumes of products being destroyed (Roberts et al., 2023).
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability
- Section locator
PDF page 26- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
879521a8e96f4a462fcc6e78908a656b4d66165c5259c049f1a6c64831cbea4c- Reproduction
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Download the PDF to a local file, then run the committed verifier. A changed PDF is reported as drift rather than silently accepted.
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Germany has put in place a “duty of care” legal principle for producers and retailers along with mandatory reporting requirements for the types and volumes of products being destroyed (Roberts et al., 2023).
54. UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability · PDF page 27
Narrow public claim
For example, they can offer customers more comprehensive and precise information about a product, including colour, weight, size and other pertinent dimensions.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability
- Section locator
PDF page 27- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
879521a8e96f4a462fcc6e78908a656b4d66165c5259c049f1a6c64831cbea4c- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
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Download the PDF to a local file, then run the committed verifier. A changed PDF is reported as drift rather than silently accepted.
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For example, they can offer customers more comprehensive and precise information about a product, including colour, weight, size and other pertinent dimensions.
55. UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability · PDF page 27
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In this context, digital technologies, such as augmented reality, could reduce returns of goods bought online due to misunderstandings or dissatisfaction with the product and associated GHG emissions (Bloomberg, 2022).
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability
- Section locator
PDF page 27- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
879521a8e96f4a462fcc6e78908a656b4d66165c5259c049f1a6c64831cbea4c- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
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Download the PDF to a local file, then run the committed verifier. A changed PDF is reported as drift rather than silently accepted.
python scripts/verify_primary_public_claim_group.py artifacts/cb7k_dom092_t06_primary_claims.json --source-file <local-raw-pdf>Exact source quote
In this context, digital technologies, such as augmented reality, could reduce returns of goods bought online due to misunderstandings or dissatisfaction with the product and associated GHG emissions (Bloomberg, 2022).
56. UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability · PDF page 28
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This could include increased awareness, management commitment and cross departmental coordination to achieve joint goals, collaboration with third parties and developing environmental impact assessments (Zhang et al., 2023).
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability
- Section locator
PDF page 28- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
879521a8e96f4a462fcc6e78908a656b4d66165c5259c049f1a6c64831cbea4c- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
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Download the PDF to a local file, then run the committed verifier. A changed PDF is reported as drift rather than silently accepted.
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This could include increased awareness, management commitment and cross departmental coordination to achieve joint goals, collaboration with third parties and developing environmental impact assessments (Zhang et al., 2023).
57. UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability · PDF page 28
Narrow public claim
Other responsible practices include promoting the refurbishment or resale of returned items, rather than sending items to a landfill or to be destroyed (Vembar, 2021).
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability
- Section locator
PDF page 28- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
879521a8e96f4a462fcc6e78908a656b4d66165c5259c049f1a6c64831cbea4c- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
Repeat this exact check locally
Download the PDF to a local file, then run the committed verifier. A changed PDF is reported as drift rather than silently accepted.
python scripts/verify_primary_public_claim_group.py artifacts/cb7k_dom092_t06_primary_claims.json --source-file <local-raw-pdf>Exact source quote
Other responsible practices include promoting the refurbishment or resale of returned items, rather than sending items to a landfill or to be destroyed (Vembar, 2021).
58. UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability · PDF page 28
Narrow public claim
In addition to fuelling excessive consumerism and overconsumption, such trends can contribute to increased GHG emissions and waste generation, with additional plastic packaging often ending up in landfills, incineration or low-quality recycling (University of Leeds, 2019).
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability
- Section locator
PDF page 28- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
879521a8e96f4a462fcc6e78908a656b4d66165c5259c049f1a6c64831cbea4c- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
Repeat this exact check locally
Download the PDF to a local file, then run the committed verifier. A changed PDF is reported as drift rather than silently accepted.
python scripts/verify_primary_public_claim_group.py artifacts/cb7k_dom092_t06_primary_claims.json --source-file <local-raw-pdf>Exact source quote
In addition to fuelling excessive consumerism and overconsumption, such trends can contribute to increased GHG emissions and waste generation, with additional plastic packaging often ending up in landfills, incineration or low-quality recycling (University of Leeds, 2019).
59. UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability · PDF page 28
Narrow public claim
For example, persuasive technologies and digital applications embedded in e-commerce platforms, such as ethical nudging, gamification, carbon footprint calculators, positive feedback loops and green activations, can support a shift in awareness and steer consumers towards more environmentally sustainable products and services (CODES, 2022).
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability
- Section locator
PDF page 28- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
879521a8e96f4a462fcc6e78908a656b4d66165c5259c049f1a6c64831cbea4c- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
Repeat this exact check locally
Download the PDF to a local file, then run the committed verifier. A changed PDF is reported as drift rather than silently accepted.
python scripts/verify_primary_public_claim_group.py artifacts/cb7k_dom092_t06_primary_claims.json --source-file <local-raw-pdf>Exact source quote
For example, persuasive technologies and digital applications embedded in e-commerce platforms, such as ethical nudging, gamification, carbon footprint calculators, positive feedback loops and green activations, can support a shift in awareness and steer consumers towards more environmentally sustainable products and services (CODES, 2022).
60. UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability · PDF page 29
Narrow public claim
It allows merchants to purchase carbon offsets to neutralize the impact of emissions, while consumers are shown how their purchases get matched with carbon offsets.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability
- Section locator
PDF page 29- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
879521a8e96f4a462fcc6e78908a656b4d66165c5259c049f1a6c64831cbea4c- Reproduction
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It allows merchants to purchase carbon offsets to neutralize the impact of emissions, while consumers are shown how their purchases get matched with carbon offsets.
61. UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability · PDF page 29
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Similarly, the GoTo Group in Indonesia charges a fixed amount to consumers who have activated the GoGreener Tree Collective app when ordering a GoRide or GoCar.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability
- Section locator
PDF page 29- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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879521a8e96f4a462fcc6e78908a656b4d66165c5259c049f1a6c64831cbea4c- Reproduction
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Similarly, the GoTo Group in Indonesia charges a fixed amount to consumers who have activated the GoGreener Tree Collective app when ordering a GoRide or GoCar.
62. UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability · PDF page 30
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LCA data provides critical insights into the environmental impact of a product throughout its life cycle, from raw material extraction and manufacturing to distribution, usage and disposal.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability
- Section locator
PDF page 30- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
879521a8e96f4a462fcc6e78908a656b4d66165c5259c049f1a6c64831cbea4c- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
Repeat this exact check locally
Download the PDF to a local file, then run the committed verifier. A changed PDF is reported as drift rather than silently accepted.
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LCA data provides critical insights into the environmental impact of a product throughout its life cycle, from raw material extraction and manufacturing to distribution, usage and disposal.
63. UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability · PDF page 30
Narrow public claim
Moreover, expanding the availability of LCA data for all products would encourage manufacturers to adopt more sustainable practices, as consumer demand for eco-friendly products could significantly influence market trends (UNEP, 2012; UNCTAD, 2023b).
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability
- Section locator
PDF page 30- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
879521a8e96f4a462fcc6e78908a656b4d66165c5259c049f1a6c64831cbea4c- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
Repeat this exact check locally
Download the PDF to a local file, then run the committed verifier. A changed PDF is reported as drift rather than silently accepted.
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Moreover, expanding the availability of LCA data for all products would encourage manufacturers to adopt more sustainable practices, as consumer demand for eco-friendly products could significantly influence market trends (UNEP, 2012; UNCTAD, 2023b).
64. UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability · PDF page 31
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It proposes new rules on the evidence that companies will have to produce to substantiate their green claims, together with a requirement that such claims be verified and certified to be reliable and trustworthy by a third party.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability
- Section locator
PDF page 31- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
879521a8e96f4a462fcc6e78908a656b4d66165c5259c049f1a6c64831cbea4c- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
Repeat this exact check locally
Download the PDF to a local file, then run the committed verifier. A changed PDF is reported as drift rather than silently accepted.
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It proposes new rules on the evidence that companies will have to produce to substantiate their green claims, together with a requirement that such claims be verified and certified to be reliable and trustworthy by a third party.
65. UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability · PDF page 31
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European Union countries are required to designate the most efficient competent authority to carry out the enforcement, including inspections, sanctions and judicial pursuits.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability
- Section locator
PDF page 31- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
879521a8e96f4a462fcc6e78908a656b4d66165c5259c049f1a6c64831cbea4c- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
Repeat this exact check locally
Download the PDF to a local file, then run the committed verifier. A changed PDF is reported as drift rather than silently accepted.
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European Union countries are required to designate the most efficient competent authority to carry out the enforcement, including inspections, sanctions and judicial pursuits.
66. UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability · PDF page 32
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This can facilitate the transition to circular and sharing economies, which helps to reduce pressure on scarce resources such as water, non-renewable energy and raw materials, increasing the efficiency of production (United Nations, 2021b).
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability
- Section locator
PDF page 32- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
879521a8e96f4a462fcc6e78908a656b4d66165c5259c049f1a6c64831cbea4c- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
Repeat this exact check locally
Download the PDF to a local file, then run the committed verifier. A changed PDF is reported as drift rather than silently accepted.
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This can facilitate the transition to circular and sharing economies, which helps to reduce pressure on scarce resources such as water, non-renewable energy and raw materials, increasing the efficiency of production (United Nations, 2021b).
67. UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability · PDF page 32
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Another opportunity for fostering circularity can be found in peer-to-peer activity whereby goods and services are shared among consumers, often facilitated by a third-party online platform (Collini et al., 2023).
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability
- Section locator
PDF page 32- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
879521a8e96f4a462fcc6e78908a656b4d66165c5259c049f1a6c64831cbea4c- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
Repeat this exact check locally
Download the PDF to a local file, then run the committed verifier. A changed PDF is reported as drift rather than silently accepted.
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Another opportunity for fostering circularity can be found in peer-to-peer activity whereby goods and services are shared among consumers, often facilitated by a third-party online platform (Collini et al., 2023).
68. UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability · PDF page 32
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Applications that allow users to share vehicles can help to reduce the number of vehicles on the road and vehicle kilometres driven, encouraging more sustainable transportation systems (Transport and Environment, 2017).
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability
- Section locator
PDF page 32- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
879521a8e96f4a462fcc6e78908a656b4d66165c5259c049f1a6c64831cbea4c- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
Repeat this exact check locally
Download the PDF to a local file, then run the committed verifier. A changed PDF is reported as drift rather than silently accepted.
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Applications that allow users to share vehicles can help to reduce the number of vehicles on the road and vehicle kilometres driven, encouraging more sustainable transportation systems (Transport and Environment, 2017).
69. UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability · PDF page 33
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Making e-commerce more environmentally sustainable requires collaborative efforts from governments, businesses, platforms, logistics providers and consumers.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability
- Section locator
PDF page 33- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
879521a8e96f4a462fcc6e78908a656b4d66165c5259c049f1a6c64831cbea4c- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
Repeat this exact check locally
Download the PDF to a local file, then run the committed verifier. A changed PDF is reported as drift rather than silently accepted.
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Making e-commerce more environmentally sustainable requires collaborative efforts from governments, businesses, platforms, logistics providers and consumers.
70. UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability · PDF page 33
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Likewise, international organizations can promote an environmentally sustainable e-commerce sector, including through research, capacity-building and training.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- UNCTAD Digital Economy Report 2024 Chapter V: E-commerce and environmental sustainability
- Section locator
PDF page 33- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
879521a8e96f4a462fcc6e78908a656b4d66165c5259c049f1a6c64831cbea4c- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
Repeat this exact check locally
Download the PDF to a local file, then run the committed verifier. A changed PDF is reported as drift rather than silently accepted.
python scripts/verify_primary_public_claim_group.py artifacts/cb7k_dom092_t07_primary_claims.json --source-file <local-raw-pdf>Exact source quote
Likewise, international organizations can promote an environmentally sustainable e-commerce sector, including through research, capacity-building and training.