Journalism

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Comparable contractions have occurred only during extraordinary periods, including World War I, the rise of authoritarianism until the end of World War II, and 1963-1973, coinciding with the Cold War.

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In 2025, the head of one of the world’s largest social media companies described fact-checking as amounting to censorship, even though this activity does not per se suppress content but represents a form of counter-speech.

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32 It is therefore apparent that the shrinking space for freedom of expression, press freedom and media development is correlated to a wider overall trend of hamstringing institutions of state.

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In this context, civil society support – while not a substitute – becomes ever more important, though there Countries with such laws number 100 in 2015, 120 in 2020 and rose 140 in 2025.

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The assault on journalism and the truth As highlighted in UNESCO’s 2022 World Trends Report, violence against journalists is an ongoing challenge that shows no signs of abating.

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Impunity is sky-high as 8.5 out of 10 cases in UNESCO’s Observatory of Killed Journalists remained unresolved.35 This is not just a statistic, it tells perpetrators that they will not have to face consequences for the assaults that they commit, allowing them to continue without repercussion.

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Informe Voces Desplazadas: Radiografía del exilio periodístico latinoamericano (2018–2024) [Displaced Voices Report: X-ray of Latin American journalistic exile (2018–2024)].

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Exile becomes another method of silencing voices and facts.54 Exiled journalists are also under threat from digital attacks.

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Technology-facilitated gender-based violence (TFGBV)63 has emerged as a pervasive and particularly insidious dimension of this backlash.

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The term ‘jawboning’ has been used to characterize pressure on communications companies applied without the safeguards of transparent and law-based procedures.82 Media viability Committee to Project Journalists (CPJ).

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This accounted for an estimated 25% of total global media development support, which averaged $620 million (USD) per year between 2020 and 2024.

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All this, along with commercial platform algorithms that are intended to keep people engaged, reinforce tendencies to recommend and reinforce a limited range of languages, cultures, views, and values.118 Compounding these systemic challenges are third-party actors, who increasingly target marginalized and vulnerable groups.

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141 ‘There are many ways in which a proliferation of false or misleading content is complicating the geopolitical environment.

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164 Research into hate speech and disinformation has also become a target of defunding and attack, despite being vital to preserving information integrity.165 Impact on the climate crisis The multiple crises facing the news media coincide with the triple environmental crisis facing the planet, which include climate change, biodiversity loss and pollution.

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According to UNESCO’s 2025 research, 86 countries have integrated MIL into their national school curricula; 57 include it as a compulsory component.

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By unpacking recent developments and their potential scenarios, this Report arrives at a clear overarching recommendation: unless decisive changes are made, 2030 risks not only a failure to achieve public access to information and fundamental freedoms but actual regression.

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Journalism: Shaping a World at Peace is more than the title of this World Trends Report on Freedom of Expression and Media Development 2022/2025.

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Central to this plan is Goal 16.10, which calls for ensuring public access to information and protecting fundamental freedoms.

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Complementing this analysis, the academic Dan Sultănescu shows that AI is both ubiquitous and highly trusted, with 97% of survey respondents in four regionally diverse countries reporting at least basic knowledge of AI.

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Global progress in democracy, especially between 1980 and 2010, was accompanied by constitutional and legal reforms that enhanced protections for journalists and greater government transparency.

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UNESCO's issue brief Journalism for development: the role of journalism promoting democracy and political accountability and sustainable development,207 provides robust evidence on the role of journalism in maintaining and strengthening democracies.

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Online harassment, In a 2024 report, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) emphasized that independent, free and pluralistic media are critical to human security.

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Some authors have pointed out that the evolution of the digital communications ecosystem – including the rise of social media platforms – has gone hand in hand with the deterioration of democracy and press freedom.212 This can be explained by the tendency to amplify polarizing content and the public’s susceptibility to misinformation and disinformation.

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However, since 2010, this trend has slowed, and some legislative assemblies with an absolute majority of the ruling party have even passed laws and constitutional reforms that severely weaken the guarantees that had been implemented before.

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221 ‘In line with the Declaration of Principles on Freedom of Expression and Access to Information in Africa, adopted by the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights, a number of African States have incorporated the right to access information held by private entities in constitutional and legal provisions.’ Over 100 countries are now committed to open public registers.

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A 2024 report by the UN Special Rapporteur on the Independence of Judges and Lawyers, Margaret Satterthwaite, shows a clear trend: some governments are weakening judicial independence through various strategies.

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Online human rights protection declined in 27 of the 72 countries covered by Freedom House’s Freedom on the Net report, while it improved in just 18.231 This is attributed to an increase in arbitrary internet shutdowns, especially during elections or anti government protests, interruptions to connections, closures of websites, and interference with platforms.

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According to Amnesty International, ‘In an increasingly precarious world, unregulated proliferation and deployment of technologies such as generative AI, facial recognition, and spyware are poised to be a pernicious foe – scaling up and supercharging violations of international law and human rights to exceptional levels.’240 These risks intensify during crises and wars.

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Amnesty International’s Secretary General, Agnès Callamard speech while launching Amnesty International 2023/2024 The State of the World’s Human Rights report.

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Even advanced AI systems often produce incorrect or nonsensical outputs,255 which – if not questioned or investigated – could lead to erroneous decisions in important, real-world contexts.

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Illustratively, researchers found that when a popular chat application generated completions for the prompt ‘Two Muslims walked into a___,’ 66% included Senat.

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The work builds on the University of South Carolina’s bi-annual Global Opinion Tracker.261 Data was collected through representative online panels with approximately 1,000 respondents per country.

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By Dan Sultănescu, Associate Professor at the Center for Civic Participation and Democracy (SNSPA) in, Bucharest The year 2024 was widely regarded as a ‘super election year,’ with more than 50 countries worldwide holding national elections.

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Public awareness and AI use Public familiarity with AI is very high, with more than 97% of respondents across the four countries reporting at least a basic understanding.

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AI tools have become integral to digital routines, with more than 40% of respondents reporting using AI for content creation and roughly one-third saying they use AI to generate or comment on content.

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At the same time, perceptions of AI being used very frequently to create mis- and disinformation were also high, with 51% in the United States, 48% in Romania, 41% in Mexico, and just 24% in South Africa.

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In the United States, respondents display heightened ethical awareness.266 These concerns are not isolated, and recent polling reinforces the trend.

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The promise and the challenge Until the early 2000s, news organizations were the gatekeepers for those seeking information.

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While this did not in and of itself imply a curtailment of freedom of expression, it did mean that viewpoints that differed were not widely or regularly aired.269 With the advent of social media, however, any citizen with a smartphone could instantly disseminate their views worldwide.

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Civility and nuance in online exchange were eschewed in favor of polarizing repartee.276 It quickly became obvious that clear, cogent, constructive political discourse could not be achieved on social media without some kind of moderation against disruptive interjections.

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One messaging platform has become known for its laissez faire attitude towards moderation.286 Similarly, a major social media platform faced criticism for ignoring hate speech and misinformation during the Rohingya crisis in Myanmar, where inflammatory posts went largely unchecked, contributing to real-world harm.

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287 Outsourcing Less brazenly, social media companies have sought to minimize their responsibility over content moderation decisions by shifting the onus to external reviewers.

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On the contrary, it just makes censorship scalable.291 The AI will dutifully, pitilessly, and relentlessly enforce that biased directive, anticipating and thwarting all permutations and circumventions.292 Far from reducing bias, the delegation of content moderation to a machine actually means our political biases could be amplified.

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If the norms are in any way biased or corrupted, so too will be the AI.295 Even when the directive is something neutral-sounding, like ‘censor all content supportive of terrorism’, the AI will enforce that directive by censoring content that tends to co-appear with the word ‘terrorism’ in the training data – including innocuous phrases.

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Alternatively, we can imagine decentralizing content moderation itself, shifting the power and responsibility from a handful of multinational corporations to a wider set of participants.296 Technical solutions to bias in AI Shahid et al.

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Some experts now suggest locally adapted systems, trained on regional data, that can display ‘contextual fairness’ in moderation decisions.298 The nature of social media itself is evolving.

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Public interest researchers worldwide are currently unable to make an objective assessment of the prevalence of online harms (disinformation, hate speech, etc.) or the prevalence of AI-generated content.301 So they cannot document the incidence and consequences of content moderation.

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In this process, it is critical to be guided by established human rights frameworks, notably the three-part test – which requires any restriction on freedom of expression should be provided by law, pursue a legitimate aim, and be necessary and proportionate – as articulated under Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Bono et al.

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Equally, the Rabat Plan of Action on the prohibition of advocacy of national, racial or religious hatred that constitutes incitement to discrimination, hostility or violence309 offers valuable guidance on balancing the need to combat hate speech while safeguarding freedom of expression, particularly by emphasizing context, intent, and the likelihood of harm when assessing speech.

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They are helping newsrooms streamline operations, analyze data, and improve audience engagement and content.318 Central Electoral.

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The largest proportion of TikTok news consumers are between 18 and 24 years old, with rapid growth seen in Africa, Latin America and parts of Asia.

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Access to data can notably help to inform negotiations between media organizations and platforms, as well as provide a more concrete assessment of the value of news content.338  Media organizations to work together and ally with other public interest information producers.

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Rokhaya Diallo, French journalist, writer, and human rights activist A critical moment for gender equality For more than 100 years, women have fought to be recognized as legitimate political actors.

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This momentum, though, has slowed in recent years, hampered by the rise of right-wing342 discourse relayed by traditional and social media343 and by a proliferation of restrictive laws and regulations on all continents.344 UNESCO.

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According to a survey underpinning The Chilling, a UNESCO report on violence against women journalists, 20% of those surveyed said they had UN Human Rights Council.

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Gendered disinformation is based on three pillars: falsehood, malice, and coordination.372 It targets women's appearance and sexuality much more than their actual professional skills.

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As a result, many women withdraw from public spaces or avoid expressing opinions, fearing harassment or reputational harm.390 This phenomenon is not limited to journalism, politics, or activism.

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Taking a public stand exposes people to increasing legal risks, including through the tightening of defamation and cybersecurity laws, which are often misused to restrict legitimate expression.393 The Human Rights Council warns of these abuses, which interfere with the work of journalists.

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Strategic Lawsuits Against Public Participation (SLAPPs) are used to intimidate, deplete, and silence journalists and activists, with an increased economic impact on women.394 The frequent use of legal proceedings against journalists or activists is a formidable tool for censorship, as it depletes the material, physical, and mental resources of those who are targeted.

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Annual Report 2024 found out that technology-facilitated gender-based violence is a growing concern, particularly for women in public life.

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In 2009, the COP15 Climate Summit was held in Copenhagen at a time when awareness of global warming was still confined mostly to scientific circles or environmental activists.

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What had once been a debris covered, crevasse-strewn glacier detailed in trekking maps from only 25 years ago had been replaced by a lake 2km long.

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In 2024, some sources reported a rise of 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels.437 The impact is seen worldwide in disrupted rainfall, more intense storms, and melting ice caps.

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442 ‘Old denial’ refers to claims of (a) Global warming is not happening (b) Human-generated greenhouse gases are not causing global warming, and (c) the impacts of global warming are beneficial or harmless.

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According to a 2024 UNESCO issue brief,454 journalists and media houses covering environmental issues were the targets of 210 legal attacks since 2009 with 94 resulting in criminal charges, including public order disruption, terrorism, hate speech, dissemination of fake news, and criminal defamation; 39 journalists were convicted and jailed.

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Regionally, Europe and North America saw the most litigation attacks (77), the majority of them civil defamation suits, while in Asia and the Pacific (59 cases), imprisonment was the most common legal sanction.

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Squatters face journalistic criticism for encroaching on floodplains rather than real estate developers who engage in land grabbing .464 Subsistence farmers are accused of destroying nature instead of illegal loggers.465 Villagers are held responsible for polluting the air, rather than diesel trucks and coal-fired power plants.466 Such superficial coverage is form, not substance.

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Based on Analysis made by Aldo Magogo on VDem Data, the ability of media to criticize authorities shows a very strong correlation with broader governance structures that influence climate policies (R² = 0.831).

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As per UNESCO’s Issue Brief Press and Planet in Danger: ‘In the face of the global environmental crisis, the importance of environmental reporting cannot be overstated, and thus advocacy groups, journalism networks, donors, multilateral organizations, and other stakeholders must emphasize the need for a free press and the safety of journalists.’478 World Meteorological Organization.

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Here is an example from 2024:  In June 2024, a climate denier with more than 150,000 followers attacked ‘climate hoaxers’ for suggesting heat waves are getting worse.

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