CLAIMBOUND / SOURCE-PUBLICATION EVIDENCE
Labor markets
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1. OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market · PDF page 21
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Amidst tight labour market conditions and a decline in inflation, real wages are now growing on an annual basis in many countries, although they are below their 2019 levels in about half of them.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market
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Amidst tight labour market conditions and a decline in inflation, real wages are now growing on an annual basis in many countries, although they are below their 2019 levels in about half of them.
2. OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market · PDF page 21
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In May 2024, total employment was 3.8% higher than before the COVID-19 crisis, while the OECD unemployment rate was at 4.9%, after a record low of 4.8% in September 2023.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market
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PDF page 21- Captured
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In May 2024, total employment was 3.8% higher than before the COVID-19 crisis, while the OECD unemployment rate was at 4.9%, after a record low of 4.8% in September 2023.
3. OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market · PDF page 22
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A special emphasis is placed in this chapter on job quality in OECD countries, as other aspects of jobs, beyond wages, need to be monitored to assess what has happened to workers’ overall well-being following the COVID-19 pandemic and the recent cost-of-living crisis.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market
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PDF page 22- Captured
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A special emphasis is placed in this chapter on job quality in OECD countries, as other aspects of jobs, beyond wages, need to be monitored to assess what has happened to workers’ overall well-being following the COVID-19 pandemic and the recent cost-of-living crisis.
4. OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market · PDF page 22
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Earnings quality, one of the three key indicators of the OECD Job Quality framework, was generally better across the OECD in 2022 than in 2015.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market
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PDF page 22- Captured
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Earnings quality, one of the three key indicators of the OECD Job Quality framework, was generally better across the OECD in 2022 than in 2015.
5. OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market · PDF page 23
Narrow public claim
The chapter is organised as follows: Section 1.1 reviews recent labour market developments across the OECD countries; Section 1.2 reports on recent wage developments, including an update on statutory minimum wages and negotiated wages; and finally, Section 1.3 presents the latest OECD job quality indicators and analyses trends in these indicators since 2015.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market
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PDF page 23- Captured
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The chapter is organised as follows: Section 1.1 reviews recent labour market developments across the OECD countries; Section 1.2 reports on recent wage developments, including an update on statutory minimum wages and negotiated wages; and finally, Section 1.3 presents the latest OECD job quality indicators and analyses trends in these indicators since 2015.
6. OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market · PDF page 23
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Labour markets have proven resilient in the wake of adverse shocks Global GDP growth has been moderate, but relatively resilient in 2023 despite the negative shocks from Russia’s war of aggression against Ukraine and the sharp tightening of monetary policy to tackle high inflation.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market
- Section locator
PDF page 23- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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Labour markets have proven resilient in the wake of adverse shocks Global GDP growth has been moderate, but relatively resilient in 2023 despite the negative shocks from Russia’s war of aggression against Ukraine and the sharp tightening of monetary policy to tackle high inflation.
7. OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market · PDF page 24
Narrow public claim
By May 2024, on average across the OECD, women’s total employment had grown about 2 percentage point more than men’s, reaching 5.3% above its pre-crisis level.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market
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PDF page 24- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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By May 2024, on average across the OECD, women’s total employment had grown about 2 percentage point more than men’s, reaching 5.3% above its pre-crisis level.
8. OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market · PDF page 24
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Total employment stabilised in 2023 in the OECD Series seasonally adjusted data, selected OECD countries Reading: Panel B shows the difference in the growth rate of total employment between men and women since Q4 2019.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market
- Section locator
PDF page 24- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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Total employment stabilised in 2023 in the OECD Series seasonally adjusted data, selected OECD countries Reading: Panel B shows the difference in the growth rate of total employment between men and women since Q4 2019.
9. OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market · PDF page 25
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The unemployment rate for the OECD was already at its pre-COVID-19 level in January 2022 – before Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market
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PDF page 25- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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The unemployment rate for the OECD was already at its pre-COVID-19 level in January 2022 – before Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine.
10. OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market · PDF page 25
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Since then, the unemployment rate declined by a further 0.4 percentage points and stood at 4.9% in May 2024 after a record low of 4.8% in September 2023.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market
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PDF page 25- Captured
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Since then, the unemployment rate declined by a further 0.4 percentage points and stood at 4.9% in May 2024 after a record low of 4.8% in September 2023.
11. OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market · PDF page 26
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Colombia, Costa Rica and the United Kingdom are the only three OECD countries where the labour force participation rate is below its pre-COVID-19 level by more than a percentage point.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market
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PDF page 26- Captured
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Colombia, Costa Rica and the United Kingdom are the only three OECD countries where the labour force participation rate is below its pre-COVID-19 level by more than a percentage point.
12. OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market · PDF page 26
Narrow public claim
Countries are ordered by descending order of the percentage point change in labour force participation rates in Q4 2019-Q1 2024 (Panel A).
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market
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PDF page 26- Captured
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Countries are ordered by descending order of the percentage point change in labour force participation rates in Q4 2019-Q1 2024 (Panel A).
13. OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market · PDF page 27
Narrow public claim
The average decline in hours worked since Q4 2019 across all countries with available data is rather small – just above 1%.3 In most countries, this decline follows a trend that pre-dates the COVID-19 crisis, though with some notable accelerations in Austria, Finland, Hungary, Ireland, Korea, the Slovak Republic and Spain.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- Primary source
- OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market
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PDF page 27- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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The average decline in hours worked since Q4 2019 across all countries with available data is rather small – just above 1%.3 In most countries, this decline follows a trend that pre-dates the COVID-19 crisis, though with some notable accelerations in Austria, Finland, Hungary, Ireland, Korea, the Slovak Republic and Spain.
14. OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market · PDF page 27
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Among the five countries where hours worked had been increasing before the COVID-19 crisis, only the Netherlands, Portugal and the United States, saw a decline of more than 1% in the aftermath of the pandemic.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market
- Section locator
PDF page 27- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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Among the five countries where hours worked had been increasing before the COVID-19 crisis, only the Netherlands, Portugal and the United States, saw a decline of more than 1% in the aftermath of the pandemic.
15. OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market · PDF page 28
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In Q4 2023, among the countries with available data, vacancy to-unemployed ratios were below their peak in all countries where they had increased considerably after the COVID-19 crisis.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- Primary source
- OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market
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PDF page 28- Captured
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In Q4 2023, among the countries with available data, vacancy to-unemployed ratios were below their peak in all countries where they had increased considerably after the COVID-19 crisis.
16. OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market · PDF page 29
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For Hungary and Latvia, the number of vacancies per unemployed remains always below its Q4 2019 level and consequently there is no peak during the period considered.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market
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PDF page 29- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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For Hungary and Latvia, the number of vacancies per unemployed remains always below its Q4 2019 level and consequently there is no peak during the period considered.
17. OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market · PDF page 29
Narrow public claim
For the United States, a vacancy is defined as a job that is not filled on the last business day of the month and a job is considered open if a specific position exists and there is work available for it, the job can be started within 30 days, and there is active recruiting for the position.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market
- Section locator
PDF page 29- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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a09f3109009a04adf11963deb7037ed9d5fc13f7c09f94fe599c96d959e20a59- Reproduction
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For the United States, a vacancy is defined as a job that is not filled on the last business day of the month and a job is considered open if a specific position exists and there is work available for it, the job can be started within 30 days, and there is active recruiting for the position.
18. OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market · PDF page 30
Narrow public claim
In several sectors (mostly high-skill ones) and countries, labour shortages had been steadily increasing well before the COVID-19 pandemic − at least since the Global Financial Crisis.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market
- Section locator
PDF page 30- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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In several sectors (mostly high-skill ones) and countries, labour shortages had been steadily increasing well before the COVID-19 pandemic − at least since the Global Financial Crisis.
19. OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market · PDF page 30
Narrow public claim
Further indication for the United Kingdom suggests indeed that workers might have directed their search away from sectors that were badly hit during the COVID-19 crisis 2.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market
- Section locator
PDF page 30- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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Further indication for the United Kingdom suggests indeed that workers might have directed their search away from sectors that were badly hit during the COVID-19 crisis 2.
20. OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market · PDF page 31
Narrow public claim
Economic growth in the OECD is expected to remain unchanged in 2024 and strengthens modestly in 2025, with marginal increase in unemployment and slowdown of employment growth Global growth, which slowed in the second half of 2023, is expected to stabilise and then pick up slightly through 2024-25.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market
- Section locator
PDF page 31- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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a09f3109009a04adf11963deb7037ed9d5fc13f7c09f94fe599c96d959e20a59- Reproduction
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Economic growth in the OECD is expected to remain unchanged in 2024 and strengthens modestly in 2025, with marginal increase in unemployment and slowdown of employment growth Global growth, which slowed in the second half of 2023, is expected to stabilise and then pick up slightly through 2024-25.
21. OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market · PDF page 32
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Data on selected countries for different wage indicators and posted wages in online vacancies suggest that real wage growth has continued to improve in the first months of 2024.
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Data on selected countries for different wage indicators and posted wages in online vacancies suggest that real wage growth has continued to improve in the first months of 2024.
22. OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market · PDF page 33
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Real hourly wage is estimated by deflating the nominal hourly wage by the consumer price index (CPI-all items) which is adjusted, for the purpose of this analysis, using the X-13ARIMA-SEATS Seasonal Adjustment Method.
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Real hourly wage is estimated by deflating the nominal hourly wage by the consumer price index (CPI-all items) which is adjusted, for the purpose of this analysis, using the X-13ARIMA-SEATS Seasonal Adjustment Method.
23. OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market · PDF page 34
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The last available data point is April 2024 for Finland, Hungary, Japan, Norway and the United Kingdom; and May 2024 for Iceland and the United States.
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The last available data point is April 2024 for Finland, Hungary, Japan, Norway and the United Kingdom; and May 2024 for Iceland and the United States.
24. OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market · PDF page 34
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Real wage growth is “increasing” (“decreasing”) where the year-on-year percentage change in the average real wage over January to April 2024 is higher (lower) than the year-on-year percentage change in the average real wage over July to December 2023.
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Real wage growth is “increasing” (“decreasing”) where the year-on-year percentage change in the average real wage over January to April 2024 is higher (lower) than the year-on-year percentage change in the average real wage over July to December 2023.
25. OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market · PDF page 36
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Further agreements are expected to be renewed in 2024 which might have a significant impact on the dynamics of negotiated wages in the coming quarters.
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Further agreements are expected to be renewed in 2024 which might have a significant impact on the dynamics of negotiated wages in the coming quarters.
26. OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market · PDF page 36
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Statistics are representative of all employees covered by a collective wage agreement for Austria, Belgium, the Euro Area (20), France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Sweden, and the United States.
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Statistics are representative of all employees covered by a collective wage agreement for Austria, Belgium, the Euro Area (20), France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Sweden, and the United States.
27. OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market · PDF page 37
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The real value of the statutory minimum wage was below its level of 2019 in two countries – Israel and the United States.
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The real value of the statutory minimum wage was below its level of 2019 in two countries – Israel and the United States.
28. OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market · PDF page 37
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Canada (weighted) is a Laspeyres index based on minimum wage of provinces and territories (excluding the Federal Jurisdiction) weighted by the share of employees of provinces and territories in 2019.
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Canada (weighted) is a Laspeyres index based on minimum wage of provinces and territories (excluding the Federal Jurisdiction) weighted by the share of employees of provinces and territories in 2019.
29. OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market · PDF page 38
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As inflation moderated, these real gains generally persisted over 2023 and were then strengthened by the new wave of nominal adjustments of January 2024.
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As inflation moderated, these real gains generally persisted over 2023 and were then strengthened by the new wave of nominal adjustments of January 2024.
30. OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market · PDF page 39
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OECD is the unweighted average of the 33 OECD countries shown in this chart (not including Chile, Colombia, Israel, Switzerland and Türkiye). †: There are missing industries: Arts, entertainment and recreation is not included for the United States; Human health and social work and Education are not included for France. ‡: Average weekly earnings are used for the United Kingdom.
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OECD is the unweighted average of the 33 OECD countries shown in this chart (not including Chile, Colombia, Israel, Switzerland and Türkiye). †: There are missing industries: Arts, entertainment and recreation is not included for the United States; Human health and social work and Education are not included for France. ‡: Average weekly earnings are used for the United Kingdom.
31. OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market · PDF page 39
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Between 2019 and 2023, real wage growth was stronger for the low- and mid-pay groups by education in four of the five countries (Costa Rica, Mexico, the United Kingdom, and the United States).
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Between 2019 and 2023, real wage growth was stronger for the low- and mid-pay groups by education in four of the five countries (Costa Rica, Mexico, the United Kingdom, and the United States).
32. OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market · PDF page 40
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In fact, they report a reduction in the college premium and a remarkable compression of the wage distribution which counteracted almost 40% of the four-decade increase in aggregate inequality between the 10th and 90th percentile.
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In fact, they report a reduction in the college premium and a remarkable compression of the wage distribution which counteracted almost 40% of the four-decade increase in aggregate inequality between the 10th and 90th percentile.
33. OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market · PDF page 41
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As real wages recover, unit profit growth has slowed down and even turned negative in some countries In the aftermath of the COVID-19 crisis, unit labour costs10 increased in most OECD countries as growth in nominal wages exceeded productivity growth.
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As real wages recover, unit profit growth has slowed down and even turned negative in some countries In the aftermath of the COVID-19 crisis, unit labour costs10 increased in most OECD countries as growth in nominal wages exceeded productivity growth.
34. OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market · PDF page 41
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This pattern has become more pronounced in 2023, when unit labour costs increased more than unit profits in 25 countries.
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This pattern has become more pronounced in 2023, when unit labour costs increased more than unit profits in 25 countries.
35. OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market · PDF page 43
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An update on job quality As other aspects of jobs, beyond wages, need to be monitored to assess what has happened to workers’ overall well-being following the COVID-19 pandemic and the recent cost-of-living crisis, this section provides an update on job quality drawing on the conceptual framework developed by the OECD, which was then adopted by the G20.
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An update on job quality As other aspects of jobs, beyond wages, need to be monitored to assess what has happened to workers’ overall well-being following the COVID-19 pandemic and the recent cost-of-living crisis, this section provides an update on job quality drawing on the conceptual framework developed by the OECD, which was then adopted by the G20.
36. OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market · PDF page 43
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This is defined in terms of the unemployment risk13 and unemployment insurance; it measures the expected monetary loss associated with becoming and staying unemployed as a share of previous earnings by taking account of the mitigating role of public unemployment insurance (in terms of coverage of the benefits and their generosity).
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This is defined in terms of the unemployment risk13 and unemployment insurance; it measures the expected monetary loss associated with becoming and staying unemployed as a share of previous earnings by taking account of the mitigating role of public unemployment insurance (in terms of coverage of the benefits and their generosity).
37. OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market · PDF page 44
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Finally, in the few countries where earnings quality was stable or slightly decreased between 2015 and 2021 (Belgium, Ireland, Italy, Spain and Switzerland) the pattern was mainly due to a slight increase in wage inequality that was not offset by the rise in average earnings, except for Greece where lower average earnings between 2015 and 2021 drove the decrease in earnings quality.
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Finally, in the few countries where earnings quality was stable or slightly decreased between 2015 and 2021 (Belgium, Ireland, Italy, Spain and Switzerland) the pattern was mainly due to a slight increase in wage inequality that was not offset by the rise in average earnings, except for Greece where lower average earnings between 2015 and 2021 drove the decrease in earnings quality.
38. OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market · PDF page 44
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OECD is the unweighted of the 32 OECD countries with data available in 2022 shown in this chart (not including Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Iceland, Israel and Türkiye).
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OECD is the unweighted of the 32 OECD countries with data available in 2022 shown in this chart (not including Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Iceland, Israel and Türkiye).
39. OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market · PDF page 45
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These declines in earnings quality are generally driven by a reduction in average real earnings – even if higher earnings inequality also played a role in Estonia, Ireland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands,17 New Zealand and Portugal.
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These declines in earnings quality are generally driven by a reduction in average real earnings – even if higher earnings inequality also played a role in Estonia, Ireland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands,17 New Zealand and Portugal.
40. OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market · PDF page 45
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This positive pattern was driven by both lower unemployment rates and higher unemployment insurance: on average, the expected monetary loss associated with unemployment decreased by 1.9 percentage points between 2015 and 2022 for the OECD area.
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This positive pattern was driven by both lower unemployment rates and higher unemployment insurance: on average, the expected monetary loss associated with unemployment decreased by 1.9 percentage points between 2015 and 2022 for the OECD area.
41. OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market · PDF page 47
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More women than men experienced job strain, but the differences are small (13.3% on average for women against 12.7% for men), except for a few countries where further analysis would be necessary to explore the factors driving the gap, notably composition effects (see below).
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- OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market
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PDF page 47- Captured
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More women than men experienced job strain, but the differences are small (13.3% on average for women against 12.7% for men), except for a few countries where further analysis would be necessary to explore the factors driving the gap, notably composition effects (see below).
42. OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market · PDF page 47
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Yet, it was below 10% in Estonia, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Slovenia and around 17% in Czechia and Finland, and up to 18% in France.
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PDF page 47- Captured
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Yet, it was below 10% in Estonia, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Slovenia and around 17% in Czechia and Finland, and up to 18% in France.
43. OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market · PDF page 48
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Moreover, as data display results for 2021, i.e., a year after most OECD European countries implemented lockdown measures and social distance requirement, results may also be affected by teleworking.
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PDF page 48- Captured
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Moreover, as data display results for 2021, i.e., a year after most OECD European countries implemented lockdown measures and social distance requirement, results may also be affected by teleworking.
44. OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market · PDF page 49
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Concluding remarks Labour markets have been resilient in recent years despite suffering a sequence of negative shocks, including the COVID-19 crisis, Russia’s war of aggression against Ukraine and the upsurge of inflation, which triggered a sharp tightening of monetary policy.
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PDF page 49- Captured
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Concluding remarks Labour markets have been resilient in recent years despite suffering a sequence of negative shocks, including the COVID-19 crisis, Russia’s war of aggression against Ukraine and the upsurge of inflation, which triggered a sharp tightening of monetary policy.
45. OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market · PDF page 49
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The resilience of OECD labour markets is also shown by the fact that several aspects of job quality improved during, or immediately after, the COVID-19 crisis.
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PDF page 49- Captured
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The resilience of OECD labour markets is also shown by the fact that several aspects of job quality improved during, or immediately after, the COVID-19 crisis.
46. OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market · PDF page 52
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For instance, the national vacancy rate for Austria was 4.3% in Q4 2023 and 3.3% in Q4 2019 which represents a 1 percentage point change in the national average.
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- OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market
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PDF page 52- Captured
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For instance, the national vacancy rate for Austria was 4.3% in Q4 2023 and 3.3% in Q4 2019 which represents a 1 percentage point change in the national average.
47. OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market · PDF page 53
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Countries are ordered by descending order of the cumulative percentage changes in real hourly wages in Q1 2024 compared to Q4 2019.
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- OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market
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PDF page 53- Captured
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Countries are ordered by descending order of the cumulative percentage changes in real hourly wages in Q1 2024 compared to Q4 2019.
48. OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market · PDF page 53
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OECD is the unweighted average of the 35 OECD countries shown in this chart (not including Chile, Colombia and Türkiye).
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PDF page 53- Captured
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OECD is the unweighted average of the 35 OECD countries shown in this chart (not including Chile, Colombia and Türkiye).
49. OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market · PDF page 55
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Yet, the precise set of questions to be selected among the many included in the EWCTS 2021 inevitably relies on judgment and depends on the purpose of the exercise.
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PDF page 55- Captured
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Yet, the precise set of questions to be selected among the many included in the EWCTS 2021 inevitably relies on judgment and depends on the purpose of the exercise.
50. OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market · PDF page 55
Narrow public claim
EWCTS 2021 questions) retained to measure the various aspects of QWE; ii) the normalisation procedure used to compare these variables, initially measured on different scales; iii) the way these variables have been aggregated into a reduced number of components, which refer to broad categories of job demands or job resources.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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PDF page 55- Captured
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EWCTS 2021 questions) retained to measure the various aspects of QWE; ii) the normalisation procedure used to compare these variables, initially measured on different scales; iii) the way these variables have been aggregated into a reduced number of components, which refer to broad categories of job demands or job resources.
51. OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market · PDF page 60
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For Greece, Portugal and Spain, in addition to monthly or daily minimum wages, employees are legally entitled to annual extra payments in the form of a 13th and 14th months bonuses.
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PDF page 60- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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For Greece, Portugal and Spain, in addition to monthly or daily minimum wages, employees are legally entitled to annual extra payments in the form of a 13th and 14th months bonuses.
52. OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market · PDF page 60
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However, employees are generally entitled to a 13th month bonus where the employer is bound to pay by a collective agreement, an individual agreement, or the employer himself.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market
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PDF page 60- Captured
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However, employees are generally entitled to a 13th month bonus where the employer is bound to pay by a collective agreement, an individual agreement, or the employer himself.
53. OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market · PDF page 63
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OECD is the unweighted median across the 30 OECD countries with statutory minimum wage (not including the Canada Federal Jurisdiction and the weighted average for the United States).
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market
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PDF page 63- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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OECD is the unweighted median across the 30 OECD countries with statutory minimum wage (not including the Canada Federal Jurisdiction and the weighted average for the United States).
54. OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market · PDF page 63
Narrow public claim
Changes in real minimum wage in April and May 2024 for New Zealand are estimated by assuming that the CPI remains the same as in Q1 2024.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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PDF page 63- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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Changes in real minimum wage in April and May 2024 for New Zealand are estimated by assuming that the CPI remains the same as in Q1 2024.
55. OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market · PDF page 65
Narrow public claim
The share of part-time employment in total employment was slightly down in 2022 relative to 2019 both in the European Union and most non-EU OECD countries – including Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market
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PDF page 65- Captured
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The share of part-time employment in total employment was slightly down in 2022 relative to 2019 both in the European Union and most non-EU OECD countries – including Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
56. OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market · PDF page 65
Narrow public claim
Average annual headline inflation in the OECD is projected to gradually ease from 6.9% in 2023 to 5% in 2024 and 3.4% in 2025.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market
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PDF page 65- Captured
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Average annual headline inflation in the OECD is projected to gradually ease from 6.9% in 2023 to 5% in 2024 and 3.4% in 2025.
57. OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market · PDF page 66
Narrow public claim
CPI series are generally not available with seasonal adjustment and are adjusted for the purpose of this analysis using the X-13ARIMA-SEATS Seasonal Adjustment Method.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market
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PDF page 66- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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CPI series are generally not available with seasonal adjustment and are adjusted for the purpose of this analysis using the X-13ARIMA-SEATS Seasonal Adjustment Method.
58. OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market · PDF page 67
Narrow public claim
Spain’s minimum wage was increased in 2022 and, in real term, has been keeping up with inflation better than the average wage.
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- OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market
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PDF page 67- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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Spain’s minimum wage was increased in 2022 and, in real term, has been keeping up with inflation better than the average wage.
59. OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market · PDF page 67
Narrow public claim
The majority of OECD countries took measures to ensure widespread use of job-retention schemes and extend unemployment benefits entitlements by improving access, notably for workers with insufficient contribution records, lengthening maximum durations and raising generosity to account for the great difficulty of finding work during the COVID-19 crisis.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market
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PDF page 67- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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The majority of OECD countries took measures to ensure widespread use of job-retention schemes and extend unemployment benefits entitlements by improving access, notably for workers with insufficient contribution records, lengthening maximum durations and raising generosity to account for the great difficulty of finding work during the COVID-19 crisis.
60. OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market · PDF page 68
Narrow public claim
The main source of European data, the European Working Conditions Survey, was only conducted by telephone with a reduced format in 2021 (EWCTS 2021) and an update of the full survey is not planned before 2025.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- Primary source
- OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market
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PDF page 68- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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The main source of European data, the European Working Conditions Survey, was only conducted by telephone with a reduced format in 2021 (EWCTS 2021) and an update of the full survey is not planned before 2025.
61. OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market · PDF page 68
Narrow public claim
In the same vein, it is not possible to use the Korean Working Conditions Survey (2020) since the questions are not comparable with the EWCTS 2021.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market
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PDF page 68- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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In the same vein, it is not possible to use the Korean Working Conditions Survey (2020) since the questions are not comparable with the EWCTS 2021.
62. OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market · PDF page 69
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Andrea Bassanini, Andrea Garnero and Agnès Puymoyen The policies that OECD countries are adopting to achieve net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 will have a significant impact on labour markets: jobs in high-emission industries will be reduced, new opportunities will emerge in climate-friendlier sectors, and many existing occupations will be transformed.
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Andrea Bassanini, Andrea Garnero and Agnès Puymoyen The policies that OECD countries are adopting to achieve net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 will have a significant impact on labour markets: jobs in high-emission industries will be reduced, new opportunities will emerge in climate-friendlier sectors, and many existing occupations will be transformed.
63. OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market · PDF page 70
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It shows that 13% of workers in European OECD countries and the United States suffer from significant heat discomfort, typically workers in outdoor occupations and workers in process and heavy industries, with potential negative effects on their health and productivity.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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PDF page 70- Captured
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It shows that 13% of workers in European OECD countries and the United States suffer from significant heat discomfort, typically workers in outdoor occupations and workers in process and heavy industries, with potential negative effects on their health and productivity.
64. OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market · PDF page 70
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Moreover, the regions where the proportion of workers exposed to high temperatures is already higher than average are also the regions projected to experience the largest temperature increases by 2050.
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Moreover, the regions where the proportion of workers exposed to high temperatures is already higher than average are also the regions projected to experience the largest temperature increases by 2050.
65. OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market · PDF page 73
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If carbon revenues are recycled to support energy efficiency investment and reduce VAT, the boost to consumption and GDP would generate an increase in employment of up to 0.2% relative to baseline.
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If carbon revenues are recycled to support energy efficiency investment and reduce VAT, the boost to consumption and GDP would generate an increase in employment of up to 0.2% relative to baseline.
66. OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market · PDF page 75
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Section 2.2 presents a panorama of green-driven and high-emission jobs, focusing especially on the characteristics of the workers currently holding these jobs and of the areas where they are located.
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Section 2.2 presents a panorama of green-driven and high-emission jobs, focusing especially on the characteristics of the workers currently holding these jobs and of the areas where they are located.
67. OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market · PDF page 77
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Projected heat stress in 2050 is measured using the Wet-bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT) which factors in temperature, dew point temperature, wind speed, and solar radiation to assess heat stress experienced by individuals working outdoors (thus it should not be interpreted in the same way as standard temperatures).
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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PDF page 77- Captured
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Projected heat stress in 2050 is measured using the Wet-bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT) which factors in temperature, dew point temperature, wind speed, and solar radiation to assess heat stress experienced by individuals working outdoors (thus it should not be interpreted in the same way as standard temperatures).
68. OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market · PDF page 77
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The 2050 projection is calculated based on daytime working hours during the summer with the KNMI regional climate model (RACMO), which uses a high-mission scenario of the Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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PDF page 77- Captured
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The 2050 projection is calculated based on daytime working hours during the summer with the KNMI regional climate model (RACMO), which uses a high-mission scenario of the Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5.
69. OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market · PDF page 81
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For all countries (including countries for which data are not available), an industry is labelled “high-emission” if it ranks in the upper two deciles of emissions per unit of value added in at least 10 out of the countries for which data are available.
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PDF page 81- Captured
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For all countries (including countries for which data are not available), an industry is labelled “high-emission” if it ranks in the upper two deciles of emissions per unit of value added in at least 10 out of the countries for which data are available.
70. OECD Employment Outlook 2024: The Net-Zero Transition and the Labour Market · PDF page 82
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Even if the EU FF55 package does not include significant action in agriculture, it can be argued that, because of the high GHG emissions of this sector, mitigation policies will have to target some of its subsectors in the future to meet the goal of zero net emissions by 2050.
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Even if the EU FF55 package does not include significant action in agriculture, it can be argued that, because of the high GHG emissions of this sector, mitigation policies will have to target some of its subsectors in the future to meet the goal of zero net emissions by 2050.