Migration services

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The World Migration Report 2024 project commenced in May 2022 and culminated in the launch of the report in May 2024 by the Director General.

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With a combined landmass of a little over half a square kilometre, these islands are home to 2,000 islanders who live a simplified rural lifestyle where they fish, grow food, build their homes, and rely on the resources available to them on the miniature islands.

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This is particularly critical in the three areas in which IOM places high priority outlined in IOM’s new Strategic Plan 2024–2028: Saving lives and protecting people on the move; Driving solutions to displacement; and Facilitating pathways for regular migration.

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The current United Nations estimate is that there are about 281 million international migrants in the world, which equates to 3.6 per cent of the global population.

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Introduction It has been more than two years since the release of the World Migration Report 2022, which provided an overview of the global transformations intensely affecting migration and displacement around the world.

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The “asymmetry of power” in AI for migration globally is an ongoing problem, likely to be exacerbated with every new advance.14 However, it is not just inequality between States that will impact migrants.

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A great deal has happened in migration in the last two years since the release of the last World Migration Report in late 2021.

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In the face of negatively skewed discussions, it can be easy to lose sight of the fact that international migration remains relatively uncommon, with a mere 3.6 per cent (or 281 million) of the world being international migrants (see discussion in Chapter 2 of this report).

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We also know that most international migration is safe, orderly and regular.23 Long-term research and analysis also tells us unequivocally that migration is a driver of human development and can generate significant benefits for migrants, their families and countries of origin.

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Analysis of 25 years of international migrant stock data clearly shows that the regular pathways for migrants from developing countries have narrowed considerably, while pathways for those from developed countries have expanded (see Chapter 4 of this report).

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For increasing numbers of people around the world, therefore, irregular migration – including use of the asylum pathway – is the only option available to them.25 Humanitarian crises due to displacement remain the exception, but they are also on the rise.

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International remittances, for example, have grown from an estimated USD 128 billion to USD 831 billion (up by around 650%), underscoring the salience of international migration as a driver of development.

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The World Migration Report 2000’s contribution to migration policy as well as migration studies was timely, and its success heralded the World Migration Report series.

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Launched in May 2021, and updated regularly, the interactive data visualizations allow users to read both the “headline” summaries on long-term trends, while also interacting with data points to explore specific time periods, corridors or countries.

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Analysis of international migrant stock and human development index data show that between 1995 and 2020, migration from low- and medium-development countries increased, but only slightly, reconfirming existing macroeconomic analyses showing that international migration from low-income countries has historically been limited.

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To keep within the scope of this report, statistics utilized in this chapter were current as at 30 June 2023, unless otherwise stated.

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The latest estimates were released in January 2021, based on mid-2020 data – reasonably early in the COVID-19 pandemic and at the height of international travel restrictions.

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The corridor between the Russian Federation and Ukraine takes up spots three and five among the largest corridors in the world, which is due to a range of underpinning reasons over time (including, for example, displacement from Ukraine following Russian Federation invasions in 2014 and 2022).

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Revisions have been made based on large-scale displacement from Ukraine to neighbouring countries (as at end October 2023).

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In 2000, the male to female split was 50.6 to 49.4 per cent (or 88 million male migrants and 86 million female migrants).

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The share of female migrants has been decreasing since 2000, while the share of male migrants has increased by 1.3 percentage points.

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This pattern is broadly similar in top 20 origin countries, with only slight differences between females and males, except in a handful of origin countries such as India, the Syrian Arab Republic, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Myanmar and Egypt, where the share of male migrants as a percentage of total emigrants from these countries is significant and considerably higher than that of female international migrants.

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The Arab States region is one of the top destinations for international migrant workers, where they comprise 41.4 per cent of the entire working population, often dominating in key sectors.

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In many of these countries, the outflows were due to temporary labour movements, such as for Pakistan (net flow of −16.5 million), India (−3.5 million), Bangladesh (−2.9 million), Nepal (−1.6 million) and Sri Lanka (−1.0 million).

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Furthermore, migratory movements are often hard to separate from non-migratory travel, such as tourism or business.12 Tracking migratory movements also requires considerable resources, infrastructure and ICT/knowledge systems.

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Entry and border management, for example, is particularly challenging in some regions because of archipelagic and isolated borders, and is further complicated by traditions of informal migration for work.13 Conflating “migration” and “migrant” In a general sense, migration is the process of moving from one place to another.

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They found that the publicly available Facebook Social Connectedness Index is a strong predictor of diaspora populations within 27 European Union Member States, which is itself predictive of displacement trajectories of those uprooted by conflict.

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IOM and other collaborators have helped guide the development of a global dataset estimating international migration flows, forthcoming in 2024, with analysis of country-to-country trends spanning the COVID-19 pandemic years.

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COVID-19 impacts on mobility COVID-19 has been the most severe pandemic in a century, with its combination of high transmission, virus strains and the severity of the disease forcing policymakers into previously uncharted territory.

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COVID-19-related immobility became the “great disrupter” of migration.20 Governments around the world implemented various measures to limit the spread of the virus and a range of restrictions was introduced from early 2020, evolving over time.

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It is also important to note that categories are COVID-19-related only and do not reflect other travel restrictions that may have already been in place, such as those related to visa restrictions, entry bans based on specific citizens, and departure/ exit restrictions.

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We can see from long-term air passenger figures that COVID-19 travel restrictions had a major impact on both international and domestic air travel in 2020.

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See additional data, research and analysis in the thematic Chapter 9 in this report, which provides an update on COVID-19 impacts on migration and mobility globally.

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In particular, the World Bank’s annual remittances data sets (ibid.), Migration and Development Brief 38 (Ratha et al., 2023), and its 13 June press release (World Bank, 2023b) are key sources of information.

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Mexico was the second-largest remittance recipient in 2022, a position it also held in 2021 after overtaking China, which historically had been the second-biggest recipient after India.

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It should be noted, however, that the majority of inflows are not household transfers, but relate to salaries of cross-border workers who work in Switzerland while residing in France or Germany.29 High-income countries are almost always the main source of international remittances.

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Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 10.C commits countries to reducing the transaction costs of migrant remittances to less than 3 per cent.32 The 3 per cent transaction cost is intended as the global average of sending USD 200.

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In 2022, average costs were lowest in South Asia (4.6%), followed by East Asia and Pacific, and Latin America and the Caribbean (both around 5.8%).

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In 2001, there were around 1 million internationally mobile female students (45% of the total) and 1.2 million male students (54%).

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In 2021, more than 1 million internationally mobile students were from China, by far the highest number globally and more than double the number of students from India, which ranks second (around 508,000).

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In 2022, over 904,000 migration health assessments were conducted, of which 15 per cent were among refugees and 85 per cent were among immigrants.

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In 2022 alone, almost 2.9 million asylum applications were registered in 162 countries, the highest number of individual asylum applications on record.

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Around 5.7 million Ukrainians had been forced to flee their country by the end of 2022, making Ukraine the second-largest origin country of refugees in the world after the Syrian Arab Republic.

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The protracted conflict in the Syrian Arab Republic meant that the country continued to be the largest origin of refugees in the world at the end of 2022 (6.5 million), although this was a decrease from 6.8 million in 2021.

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Pakistan and the Islamic Republic of Iran were also among the top 10 refugee-hosting countries, as the two principal hosts of refugees from Afghanistan, the second-largest origin country.

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The vast majority (70%) of refugees and other people in need of international protection were hosted in countries neighbouring their countries of origin.

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In 2022, over 114,000 refugees were admitted for resettlement globally, double the number in 2021 (57,500) and a return to pre-COVID-19 pandemic levels.

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Migration and Migrants: A Global Overview Refugee resettlement has been increasing since 2021 and returned to pre-COVID-19 pandemic levels by the end of 2022.

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In 2022, more than 120,700 persons travelled under IOM’s auspices through resettlement, humanitarian admissions and relocation programmes, with significant operations out of Türkiye, Lebanon, Jordan, Pakistan and Qatar.a Of the beneficiaries, 49 per cent were female and 51 per cent were male.

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Of the above-mentioned figure, 710 persons in need of international protection were relocated from Greece, Italy and Cyprus to eight different European Economic Area countries, while 97 movements were conducted through complementary pathways from Eritrea, Afghanistan and the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela.

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As with trends for refugees (discussed in the previous section), intractable and new conflicts have meant that the total number of persons internally displaced by conflict and violence has more than doubled since 2012.

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The Syrian Arab Republic had the highest number of people displaced due to conflict (nearly 6.9 million) by the end of 2022, followed by Ukraine (5.9 million).

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The population size used to calculate the percentage of conflict IDPs is based on the total resident population of the country per UN DESA population estimates (2022).

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In 2022, the global total number of persons displaced by disasters was around 8.7 million persons across countries and territories.

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Migration and Migrants: A Global Overview Displacements in 2022 By the end of 2022, there had been a total of 60.9 million internal displacements, 60 per cent more than in 2021 and the highest figure on record.

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Of these displacements, 53 per cent (32.6 million) were triggered by disasters and 47 per cent (28.3 million) were caused by conflict and violence.45 In 2022, Ukraine (over 16 million) and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (4 million) topped the list with the highest numbers of displacements caused by conflict and violence, considerably influencing global numbers as a result.

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DTM has been operating since 2004 and by June 2022, operating in more than 120 countries, the DTM had tracked/identified nearly 45 million IDPs, 40.4 million returnees and 6.2 million migrants.

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Chapter 3 is focused primarily at the regional level in order to provide a more detailed picture of migration, which sets out a different but complementary perspective on migrants and movements in different parts of the world.1 Our starting point is geographic, rather than thematic, given that geography is one of the fundamentals underpinning migration today, just as it was in the past.

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Thematic chapters in this volume may also be of interest, including those on migration and human security, gender and migration, COVID-19 impacts, and recent developments in the global governance of migration.

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Since 1990, the number of African migrants living outside of the region has more than doubled, with the growth in Europe most pronounced.

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From 2015 to 2020, the number of migrants born outside the region remained virtually unchanged (around 2 million), most of whom were from Asia and Europe.

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This dynamic is broadly similar in the top 10 origin countries in Africa, apart from Egypt – the top country of origin in the region – which has a far greater share of male emigrants compared to females.

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South Sudan continued to be the country of origin of the largest number of refugees in Africa (around 2.3 million) and ranked fourth globally, after the Syrian Arab Republic, Ukraine and Afghanistan.

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The Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Sudan were the origin of the second and third largest number of refugees on the continent (more than 900,000 and over 800,000, respectively).

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The Democratic Republic of the Congo (over 4 million) and Ethiopia (more than 2 million) had the largest internal displacements due to conflict and violence.

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The largest disaster displacements were recorded in Nigeria (around 2.4 million), followed by Somalia (1.2 million), Ethiopia (873,000) and South Sudan (596,000).

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Remittances became even more important following the onset of COVID-19, as revenues from tourism – which had long been vital for countries such as Egypt – dried up due to mobility restrictions.

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The armed conflict that broke out in the Sudan in April 2023 (see North Africa section) has resulted in significant internal and cross-border displacement, forcing many Sudanese to seek refuge in Eastern African countries such as South Sudan and Ethiopia.

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The region faces ongoing crises including climate and environmental degradation, desertification, political and institutional instability, a lack of basic services, intercommunity conflicts between nomadic herders and farmers and the rapid rise of violent extremism.68 The Sahel has long been affected by insecurity, characterized by armed conflict, military clashes and recurrent violence instigated by Islamist groups.

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Migration and migrants: Regional dimensions and developments In Asia, the distribution of female and male migrants in the top 10 countries of destination and origin is much more variable compared to Africa.

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