CLAIMBOUND / SOURCE-PUBLICATION EVIDENCE
Nuclear energy
Every card identifies what it proves, what it does not prove, its exact quote, locator, source hash, and local rerun command.
1. IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908) · PDF page 2
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In addition, the publications are available in English on the IAEA web site: www.iaea.org/publications For further information, please contact the IAEA at Vienna International Centre, PO Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908)
- Section locator
PDF page 2- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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ff8502b2e497ae0adc6eb8728c9a36371f0c8df162bdc9b6b8c117c2c8d9067f- Reproduction
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In addition, the publications are available in English on the IAEA web site: www.iaea.org/publications For further information, please contact the IAEA at Vienna International Centre, PO Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria.
2. IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908) · PDF page 4
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The Agency’s Statute was approved on 23 October 1956 by the Conference on the Statute of the IAEA held at United Nations Headquarters, New York; it entered into force on 29 July 1957.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908)
- Section locator
PDF page 4- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
ff8502b2e497ae0adc6eb8728c9a36371f0c8df162bdc9b6b8c117c2c8d9067f- Reproduction
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The Agency’s Statute was approved on 23 October 1956 by the Conference on the Statute of the IAEA held at United Nations Headquarters, New York; it entered into force on 29 July 1957.
3. IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908) · PDF page 12
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The approach presented is based on fundamental safety principles [3, 4] and uses a systems engineering, requirements driven design approach that can be considered a primer for the design of radioactive waste disposal facilities.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908)
- Section locator
PDF page 12- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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ff8502b2e497ae0adc6eb8728c9a36371f0c8df162bdc9b6b8c117c2c8d9067f- Reproduction
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The approach presented is based on fundamental safety principles [3, 4] and uses a systems engineering, requirements driven design approach that can be considered a primer for the design of radioactive waste disposal facilities.
4. IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908) · PDF page 13
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The IAEA has developed guidelines in Policies and Strategies for Radioactive Waste Management [11] to assist Member States in establishing a suitable national radioactive waste management programme.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908)
- Section locator
PDF page 13- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
ff8502b2e497ae0adc6eb8728c9a36371f0c8df162bdc9b6b8c117c2c8d9067f- Reproduction
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The IAEA has developed guidelines in Policies and Strategies for Radioactive Waste Management [11] to assist Member States in establishing a suitable national radioactive waste management programme.
5. IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908) · PDF page 13
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Because the timescale of implementation can range from a few decades to more than a century, depending on the waste type and the complexity of the disposal solution, the framework has to clearly define the roles and responsibilities required for implementation and regulation [12].
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908)
- Section locator
PDF page 13- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
ff8502b2e497ae0adc6eb8728c9a36371f0c8df162bdc9b6b8c117c2c8d9067f- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
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Because the timescale of implementation can range from a few decades to more than a century, depending on the waste type and the complexity of the disposal solution, the framework has to clearly define the roles and responsibilities required for implementation and regulation [12].
6. IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908) · PDF page 14
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Consistent with reporting requirements under Article 32 of the Joint Convention [1], the waste inventory addresses radioactive waste management policies and practices and criteria used to define and categorize waste, including spent fuel (SF).
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908)
- Section locator
PDF page 14- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
ff8502b2e497ae0adc6eb8728c9a36371f0c8df162bdc9b6b8c117c2c8d9067f- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
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Consistent with reporting requirements under Article 32 of the Joint Convention [1], the waste inventory addresses radioactive waste management policies and practices and criteria used to define and categorize waste, including spent fuel (SF).
7. IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908) · PDF page 14
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Additional information for inclusion in the inventory is provided in the IAEA publication Status and Trends in Spent Fuel and Radioactive Waste Management [14] and includes other relevant material aspects needed for planning and designing disposal facilities, such as waste form, thermal and chemical characteristics, and waste treatment and conditioning practices, as well as projections of future waste generation.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908)
- Section locator
PDF page 14- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
ff8502b2e497ae0adc6eb8728c9a36371f0c8df162bdc9b6b8c117c2c8d9067f- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
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Additional information for inclusion in the inventory is provided in the IAEA publication Status and Trends in Spent Fuel and Radioactive Waste Management [14] and includes other relevant material aspects needed for planning and designing disposal facilities, such as waste form, thermal and chemical characteristics, and waste treatment and conditioning practices, as well as projections of future waste generation.
8. IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908) · PDF page 15
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To address this issue, GSG-1 [10] was issued in 2009 to assist Member States in planning waste management activities directed at disposal.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908)
- Section locator
PDF page 15- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
ff8502b2e497ae0adc6eb8728c9a36371f0c8df162bdc9b6b8c117c2c8d9067f- Reproduction
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To address this issue, GSG-1 [10] was issued in 2009 to assist Member States in planning waste management activities directed at disposal.
9. IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908) · PDF page 15
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The IAEA system identifies six separate waste classes corresponding to increasingly stringent requirements for isolation and containment [10].
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908)
- Section locator
PDF page 15- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
ff8502b2e497ae0adc6eb8728c9a36371f0c8df162bdc9b6b8c117c2c8d9067f- Reproduction
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The IAEA system identifies six separate waste classes corresponding to increasingly stringent requirements for isolation and containment [10].
10. IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908) · PDF page 16
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This class includes waste containing primarily radionuclides with very short half lives often used for research and medical purposes.1 (3) Very low level waste (VLLW): Waste that does not necessarily meet the criteria of EW, but that does not need a high level of containment and isolation and, therefore, is suitable for disposal in near surface landfill type facilities with limited regulatory control.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908)
- Section locator
PDF page 16- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
ff8502b2e497ae0adc6eb8728c9a36371f0c8df162bdc9b6b8c117c2c8d9067f- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
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This class includes waste containing primarily radionuclides with very short half lives often used for research and medical purposes.1 (3) Very low level waste (VLLW): Waste that does not necessarily meet the criteria of EW, but that does not need a high level of containment and isolation and, therefore, is suitable for disposal in near surface landfill type facilities with limited regulatory control.
11. IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908) · PDF page 18
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To a large extent, technological systems or components for radioactive waste disposal are available and have been thoroughly tested and one of the principles of repository design is the utilization of existing technology (Section 3.1).
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908)
- Section locator
PDF page 18- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
ff8502b2e497ae0adc6eb8728c9a36371f0c8df162bdc9b6b8c117c2c8d9067f- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
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To a large extent, technological systems or components for radioactive waste disposal are available and have been thoroughly tested and one of the principles of repository design is the utilization of existing technology (Section 3.1).
12. IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908) · PDF page 19
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Applicable IAEA recommendations specific to physical security are provided in Nuclear Security Recommendations on Physical Protection of Nuclear Material and Nuclear Facilities (INFCIRC/225/Revision 5) [15].
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908)
- Section locator
PDF page 19- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
ff8502b2e497ae0adc6eb8728c9a36371f0c8df162bdc9b6b8c117c2c8d9067f- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
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Applicable IAEA recommendations specific to physical security are provided in Nuclear Security Recommendations on Physical Protection of Nuclear Material and Nuclear Facilities (INFCIRC/225/Revision 5) [15].
13. IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908) · PDF page 19
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Specific safety requirements for disposal facilities are given in SSR-5 [5], while general safety requirements are given in IAEA Safety Standards Series No.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908)
- Section locator
PDF page 19- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
ff8502b2e497ae0adc6eb8728c9a36371f0c8df162bdc9b6b8c117c2c8d9067f- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
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Specific safety requirements for disposal facilities are given in SSR-5 [5], while general safety requirements are given in IAEA Safety Standards Series No.
14. IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908) · PDF page 21
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Legend: 1 — waste reception control; 2 — buffer storage; 3 — waste transportation route; 4 — disposal area; 5(a)–(c) — physical security features; 6 —administrative support facilities; 7 —laboratories; 8 — visitor reception and visitor centre; 9 — area reserved for future expansion.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908)
- Section locator
PDF page 21- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
ff8502b2e497ae0adc6eb8728c9a36371f0c8df162bdc9b6b8c117c2c8d9067f- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
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Legend: 1 — waste reception control; 2 — buffer storage; 3 — waste transportation route; 4 — disposal area; 5(a)–(c) — physical security features; 6 —administrative support facilities; 7 —laboratories; 8 — visitor reception and visitor centre; 9 — area reserved for future expansion.
15. IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908) · PDF page 23
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3.12): “has to integrate all elements of management so that requirements for safety are established and applied coherently with other requirements, including those for human performance, quality and security, and so that safety is not compromised by other requirements or demands.” International experience has shown that this principle is best addressed by the early development of a requirements driven design basis.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908)
- Section locator
PDF page 23- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
ff8502b2e497ae0adc6eb8728c9a36371f0c8df162bdc9b6b8c117c2c8d9067f- Reproduction
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Download the PDF to a local file, then run the committed verifier. A changed PDF is reported as drift rather than silently accepted.
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3.12): “has to integrate all elements of management so that requirements for safety are established and applied coherently with other requirements, including those for human performance, quality and security, and so that safety is not compromised by other requirements or demands.” International experience has shown that this principle is best addressed by the early development of a requirements driven design basis.
16. IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908) · PDF page 23
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This has to include waste acceptance criteria…and other controls and limits to be applied during construction, operation and closure” (SSR-5 [5], para.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908)
- Section locator
PDF page 23- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
ff8502b2e497ae0adc6eb8728c9a36371f0c8df162bdc9b6b8c117c2c8d9067f- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
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This has to include waste acceptance criteria…and other controls and limits to be applied during construction, operation and closure” (SSR-5 [5], para.
17. IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908) · PDF page 27
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For example, during the 1980s and 1990s, the development of first generation deep geological disposal concepts was dominated by the need to demonstrate that post-closure safety could be achieved, based on scientific principles and performance assessment modelling.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908)
- Section locator
PDF page 27- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
ff8502b2e497ae0adc6eb8728c9a36371f0c8df162bdc9b6b8c117c2c8d9067f- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
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Download the PDF to a local file, then run the committed verifier. A changed PDF is reported as drift rather than silently accepted.
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For example, during the 1980s and 1990s, the development of first generation deep geological disposal concepts was dominated by the need to demonstrate that post-closure safety could be achieved, based on scientific principles and performance assessment modelling.
18. IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908) · PDF page 27
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The Engineering Studies and Demonstration of Repository Designs (ESDRED) project (2004–2009) [22] is an example of subsequent work to demonstrate the technical feasibility of activities to construct, operate and close a deep geological repository.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908)
- Section locator
PDF page 27- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
ff8502b2e497ae0adc6eb8728c9a36371f0c8df162bdc9b6b8c117c2c8d9067f- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
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Download the PDF to a local file, then run the committed verifier. A changed PDF is reported as drift rather than silently accepted.
python scripts/verify_primary_public_claim_group.py artifacts/cb7k_dom067_t02_primary_claims.json --source-file <local-raw-pdf>Exact source quote
The Engineering Studies and Demonstration of Repository Designs (ESDRED) project (2004–2009) [22] is an example of subsequent work to demonstrate the technical feasibility of activities to construct, operate and close a deep geological repository.
19. IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908) · PDF page 30
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Maintenance of design integrity As stipulated under Principle 1 of SF-1 [3], the licensee for a nuclear waste disposal facility is responsible for safety, and for “Establishing procedures and arrangements to maintain safety under all conditions” (para.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908)
- Section locator
PDF page 30- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
ff8502b2e497ae0adc6eb8728c9a36371f0c8df162bdc9b6b8c117c2c8d9067f- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
Repeat this exact check locally
Download the PDF to a local file, then run the committed verifier. A changed PDF is reported as drift rather than silently accepted.
python scripts/verify_primary_public_claim_group.py artifacts/cb7k_dom067_t02_primary_claims.json --source-file <local-raw-pdf>Exact source quote
Maintenance of design integrity As stipulated under Principle 1 of SF-1 [3], the licensee for a nuclear waste disposal facility is responsible for safety, and for “Establishing procedures and arrangements to maintain safety under all conditions” (para.
20. IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908) · PDF page 30
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Further information on the design authority concept and other guidance can be found in INSAG-19 [25], Maintaining the Design Integrity of Nuclear Installations throughout their Operating Life.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908)
- Section locator
PDF page 30- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
ff8502b2e497ae0adc6eb8728c9a36371f0c8df162bdc9b6b8c117c2c8d9067f- Reproduction
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Further information on the design authority concept and other guidance can be found in INSAG-19 [25], Maintaining the Design Integrity of Nuclear Installations throughout their Operating Life.
21. IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908) · PDF page 31
Narrow public claim
Design control requires the WMO to assume responsibility for the design as the design authority and the future repository licensee [25].
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
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- IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908)
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PDF page 31- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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ff8502b2e497ae0adc6eb8728c9a36371f0c8df162bdc9b6b8c117c2c8d9067f- Reproduction
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Design control requires the WMO to assume responsibility for the design as the design authority and the future repository licensee [25].
22. IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908) · PDF page 31
Narrow public claim
Design control tools and processes include the checking and review of design products and the use of systematic requirements management (see Section 3.1.1), design configuration management, change control, interface management, data management and control of software.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908)
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PDF page 31- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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ff8502b2e497ae0adc6eb8728c9a36371f0c8df162bdc9b6b8c117c2c8d9067f- Reproduction
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Design control tools and processes include the checking and review of design products and the use of systematic requirements management (see Section 3.1.1), design configuration management, change control, interface management, data management and control of software.
23. IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908) · PDF page 32
Narrow public claim
Experience demonstrates that appropriate requirements and constraints for both can be integrated effectively within the repository design basis (see Section 3.1.1) in order to comply with international and national legislation, standards and good practice.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908)
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PDF page 32- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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ff8502b2e497ae0adc6eb8728c9a36371f0c8df162bdc9b6b8c117c2c8d9067f- Reproduction
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Experience demonstrates that appropriate requirements and constraints for both can be integrated effectively within the repository design basis (see Section 3.1.1) in order to comply with international and national legislation, standards and good practice.
24. IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908) · PDF page 32
Narrow public claim
The use of passive systems, intended to avoid human errors, can also make it more difficult for potential aggressors to tamper with safeguards and security systems [27].
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
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- IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908)
- Section locator
PDF page 32- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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ff8502b2e497ae0adc6eb8728c9a36371f0c8df162bdc9b6b8c117c2c8d9067f- Reproduction
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The use of passive systems, intended to avoid human errors, can also make it more difficult for potential aggressors to tamper with safeguards and security systems [27].
25. IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908) · PDF page 33
Narrow public claim
Means of achieving Principle 5, particularly as related to design projects, are outlined in Nuclear Power Objectives: Achieving the Nuclear Energy Basic Principles [29].
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908)
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PDF page 33- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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ff8502b2e497ae0adc6eb8728c9a36371f0c8df162bdc9b6b8c117c2c8d9067f- Reproduction
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Means of achieving Principle 5, particularly as related to design projects, are outlined in Nuclear Power Objectives: Achieving the Nuclear Energy Basic Principles [29].
26. IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908) · PDF page 33
Narrow public claim
As noted by the United Kingdom Office for Nuclear Regulation [31], a repository is intended to integrate “robust protection against the modern threat environment” across all security disciplines: physical, personnel, transport, cyber security and information assurance.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908)
- Section locator
PDF page 33- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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ff8502b2e497ae0adc6eb8728c9a36371f0c8df162bdc9b6b8c117c2c8d9067f- Reproduction
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As noted by the United Kingdom Office for Nuclear Regulation [31], a repository is intended to integrate “robust protection against the modern threat environment” across all security disciplines: physical, personnel, transport, cyber security and information assurance.
27. IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908) · PDF page 36
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14) entails complete drawings and reports containing the final technical design, considering detailed information on-site, environment and waste package throughput and capacity requirements.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908)
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PDF page 36- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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ff8502b2e497ae0adc6eb8728c9a36371f0c8df162bdc9b6b8c117c2c8d9067f- Reproduction
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14) entails complete drawings and reports containing the final technical design, considering detailed information on-site, environment and waste package throughput and capacity requirements.
28. IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908) · PDF page 38
Narrow public claim
As discussed in Section 3.2.4, a separate authorization is often required to begin disposal operations after commissioning activities have certified operational readiness.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908)
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PDF page 38- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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ff8502b2e497ae0adc6eb8728c9a36371f0c8df162bdc9b6b8c117c2c8d9067f- Reproduction
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As discussed in Section 3.2.4, a separate authorization is often required to begin disposal operations after commissioning activities have certified operational readiness.
29. IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908) · PDF page 38
Narrow public claim
15) might continue to be refined and tested throughout the disposal phase, as it might not be implemented until many decades into the future.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908)
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PDF page 38- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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ff8502b2e497ae0adc6eb8728c9a36371f0c8df162bdc9b6b8c117c2c8d9067f- Reproduction
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15) might continue to be refined and tested throughout the disposal phase, as it might not be implemented until many decades into the future.
30. IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908) · PDF page 40
Narrow public claim
The timeframe can range from several decades to over a hundred years for VLLW or a few hundred years for LLW (300 years is often applied).
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908)
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PDF page 40- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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ff8502b2e497ae0adc6eb8728c9a36371f0c8df162bdc9b6b8c117c2c8d9067f- Reproduction
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The timeframe can range from several decades to over a hundred years for VLLW or a few hundred years for LLW (300 years is often applied).
31. IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908) · PDF page 40
Narrow public claim
17, specifically the VLLW disposal trench as implemented at CIRES in France, which is described in more detail in Section 4.1.2.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- Primary source
- IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908)
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PDF page 40- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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ff8502b2e497ae0adc6eb8728c9a36371f0c8df162bdc9b6b8c117c2c8d9067f- Reproduction
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17, specifically the VLLW disposal trench as implemented at CIRES in France, which is described in more detail in Section 4.1.2.
32. IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908) · PDF page 43
Narrow public claim
The clay cap is compacted to achieve a permeability similar to that of the in situ clay. — Clay backfill with a minimum thickness of 2.5 m protects the sealed trenches from potential external damage from weathering, burrowing animals or plant roots, and from erosion.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908)
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PDF page 43- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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ff8502b2e497ae0adc6eb8728c9a36371f0c8df162bdc9b6b8c117c2c8d9067f- Reproduction
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The clay cap is compacted to achieve a permeability similar to that of the in situ clay. — Clay backfill with a minimum thickness of 2.5 m protects the sealed trenches from potential external damage from weathering, burrowing animals or plant roots, and from erosion.
33. IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908) · PDF page 43
Narrow public claim
Following the planned 30 year operation period, the CIRES facility will enter a subsequent 30 year post-closure monitoring phase, after which the further status of the site will be reassessed.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908)
- Section locator
PDF page 43- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
ff8502b2e497ae0adc6eb8728c9a36371f0c8df162bdc9b6b8c117c2c8d9067f- Reproduction
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Following the planned 30 year operation period, the CIRES facility will enter a subsequent 30 year post-closure monitoring phase, after which the further status of the site will be reassessed.
34. IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908) · PDF page 44
Narrow public claim
Waste disposal is optimized following a compartmental, stepwise approach, where each compartment is filled and capped within 18 months of the first waste emplacement.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908)
- Section locator
PDF page 44- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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ff8502b2e497ae0adc6eb8728c9a36371f0c8df162bdc9b6b8c117c2c8d9067f- Reproduction
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Waste disposal is optimized following a compartmental, stepwise approach, where each compartment is filled and capped within 18 months of the first waste emplacement.
35. IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908) · PDF page 45
Narrow public claim
22 is intended to illustrate some of the major considerations in the design of these types of facilities and is not intended to represent a specific design preference.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908)
- Section locator
PDF page 45- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
ff8502b2e497ae0adc6eb8728c9a36371f0c8df162bdc9b6b8c117c2c8d9067f- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
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22 is intended to illustrate some of the major considerations in the design of these types of facilities and is not intended to represent a specific design preference.
36. IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908) · PDF page 45
Narrow public claim
Alternative designs providing similar capabilities include the surface access silo concept under development in Slovenia and described in Section 4.2.3.3.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908)
- Section locator
PDF page 45- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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ff8502b2e497ae0adc6eb8728c9a36371f0c8df162bdc9b6b8c117c2c8d9067f- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
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Alternative designs providing similar capabilities include the surface access silo concept under development in Slovenia and described in Section 4.2.3.3.
37. IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908) · PDF page 47
Narrow public claim
As with earthen trenches for LLW, a commonly used duration of about 300 years (equivalent to approximately ten half-lives of 90Sr and 137Cs) is often applied for the period of institutional control.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908)
- Section locator
PDF page 47- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
ff8502b2e497ae0adc6eb8728c9a36371f0c8df162bdc9b6b8c117c2c8d9067f- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
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As with earthen trenches for LLW, a commonly used duration of about 300 years (equivalent to approximately ten half-lives of 90Sr and 137Cs) is often applied for the period of institutional control.
38. IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908) · PDF page 48
Narrow public claim
The average annual precipitation in the Bembézar drainage basin can vary from 400–450 mm in dry years, to 600–700 mm in average years, and up to 850–950 mm in wet years.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908)
- Section locator
PDF page 48- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
ff8502b2e497ae0adc6eb8728c9a36371f0c8df162bdc9b6b8c117c2c8d9067f- Reproduction
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The average annual precipitation in the Bembézar drainage basin can vary from 400–450 mm in dry years, to 600–700 mm in average years, and up to 850–950 mm in wet years.
39. IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908) · PDF page 48
Narrow public claim
Each of the 28 disposal vaults is equipped with a floor drain that is connected to a seepage control and monitoring network, installed in galleries that run beneath each row of vaults.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908)
- Section locator
PDF page 48- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
ff8502b2e497ae0adc6eb8728c9a36371f0c8df162bdc9b6b8c117c2c8d9067f- Reproduction
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Each of the 28 disposal vaults is equipped with a floor drain that is connected to a seepage control and monitoring network, installed in galleries that run beneath each row of vaults.
40. IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908) · PDF page 49
Narrow public claim
The waste packages and the disposal vaults are designed to withstand seismic events with a ground acceleration of 0.24g.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908)
- Section locator
PDF page 49- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
ff8502b2e497ae0adc6eb8728c9a36371f0c8df162bdc9b6b8c117c2c8d9067f- Reproduction
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The waste packages and the disposal vaults are designed to withstand seismic events with a ground acceleration of 0.24g.
41. IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908) · PDF page 50
Narrow public claim
A comparison of the two disposal facilities illustrates how different geological conditions and changing requirements between the licensing and construction of Dukovany and the subsequent (more than 10 years later) licensing and construction of Mochovce can affect the design and operation of a repository.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908)
- Section locator
PDF page 50- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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ff8502b2e497ae0adc6eb8728c9a36371f0c8df162bdc9b6b8c117c2c8d9067f- Reproduction
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A comparison of the two disposal facilities illustrates how different geological conditions and changing requirements between the licensing and construction of Dukovany and the subsequent (more than 10 years later) licensing and construction of Mochovce can affect the design and operation of a repository.
42. IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908) · PDF page 50
Narrow public claim
The Radioactive Waste Repository Authority (Správa úložišť radioaktivních odpadů (SÚRAO)) was established by the Ministry of Industry and Trade of the Czech Republic in June 1997 and is responsible for the design, development and construction of radioactive waste repositories within the country.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908)
- Section locator
PDF page 50- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
ff8502b2e497ae0adc6eb8728c9a36371f0c8df162bdc9b6b8c117c2c8d9067f- Reproduction
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The Radioactive Waste Repository Authority (Správa úložišť radioaktivních odpadů (SÚRAO)) was established by the Ministry of Industry and Trade of the Czech Republic in June 1997 and is responsible for the design, development and construction of radioactive waste repositories within the country.
43. IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908) · PDF page 51
Narrow public claim
26) is based on a combination of natural and engineered barriers (an existing clay formation at the site and reinforced concrete structures with specially designed water management and drainage systems).
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908)
- Section locator
PDF page 51- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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ff8502b2e497ae0adc6eb8728c9a36371f0c8df162bdc9b6b8c117c2c8d9067f- Reproduction
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26) is based on a combination of natural and engineered barriers (an existing clay formation at the site and reinforced concrete structures with specially designed water management and drainage systems).
44. IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908) · PDF page 51
Narrow public claim
However, because of the timing of the construction start, work at the Mochovce repository was impacted by the political changes that occurred in the early 1990s.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908)
- Section locator
PDF page 51- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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ff8502b2e497ae0adc6eb8728c9a36371f0c8df162bdc9b6b8c117c2c8d9067f- Reproduction
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However, because of the timing of the construction start, work at the Mochovce repository was impacted by the political changes that occurred in the early 1990s.
45. IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908) · PDF page 52
Narrow public claim
Vrbina repository, Slovenia The Vrbina repository is intended for the disposal of short lived low and intermediate level waste (LILW), as defined by the Slovenian waste classification, corresponding to LLW according to Refs [10, 34].
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908)
- Section locator
PDF page 52- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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ff8502b2e497ae0adc6eb8728c9a36371f0c8df162bdc9b6b8c117c2c8d9067f- Reproduction
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Vrbina repository, Slovenia The Vrbina repository is intended for the disposal of short lived low and intermediate level waste (LILW), as defined by the Slovenian waste classification, corresponding to LLW according to Refs [10, 34].
46. IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908) · PDF page 52
Narrow public claim
It is being designed and licensed following the requirements of the Slovenian National Programme of Radioactive Waste and Spent Fuel Management [35].
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908)
- Section locator
PDF page 52- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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ff8502b2e497ae0adc6eb8728c9a36371f0c8df162bdc9b6b8c117c2c8d9067f- Reproduction
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It is being designed and licensed following the requirements of the Slovenian National Programme of Radioactive Waste and Spent Fuel Management [35].
47. IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908) · PDF page 53
Narrow public claim
Structures classified as important to nuclear safety and with a potential 100 year operational lifetime have a seismic design requirement for earthquakes with a return period of 1000 years.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908)
- Section locator
PDF page 53- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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ff8502b2e497ae0adc6eb8728c9a36371f0c8df162bdc9b6b8c117c2c8d9067f- Reproduction
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Structures classified as important to nuclear safety and with a potential 100 year operational lifetime have a seismic design requirement for earthquakes with a return period of 1000 years.
48. IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908) · PDF page 54
Narrow public claim
The Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) is an example of ILW disposed in a dedicated deep geological repository (Section 4.4).
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908)
- Section locator
PDF page 54- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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ff8502b2e497ae0adc6eb8728c9a36371f0c8df162bdc9b6b8c117c2c8d9067f- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
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The Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) is an example of ILW disposed in a dedicated deep geological repository (Section 4.4).
49. IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908) · PDF page 55
Narrow public claim
Wolsong LILW Disposal Centre, Republic of Korea The Korea Radioactive Waste Agency (KORAD) was created in 2009 and is responsible for the management of all types of radioactive waste, including LLW, ILW, HLW and DSRSs.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908)
- Section locator
PDF page 55- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
ff8502b2e497ae0adc6eb8728c9a36371f0c8df162bdc9b6b8c117c2c8d9067f- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
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Wolsong LILW Disposal Centre, Republic of Korea The Korea Radioactive Waste Agency (KORAD) was created in 2009 and is responsible for the management of all types of radioactive waste, including LLW, ILW, HLW and DSRSs.
50. IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908) · PDF page 55
Narrow public claim
Waste drums destined for disposal in the silos are placed inside either 16 pack (4 × 4) or 9 pack (3 × 3) concrete disposal containers.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908)
- Section locator
PDF page 55- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
ff8502b2e497ae0adc6eb8728c9a36371f0c8df162bdc9b6b8c117c2c8d9067f- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
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Waste drums destined for disposal in the silos are placed inside either 16 pack (4 × 4) or 9 pack (3 × 3) concrete disposal containers.
51. IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908) · PDF page 58
Narrow public claim
The concept of deep geological disposal of HLW was first explored more than 60 years ago by the National Academy of Sciences in the United States of America [38].
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908)
- Section locator
PDF page 58- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
ff8502b2e497ae0adc6eb8728c9a36371f0c8df162bdc9b6b8c117c2c8d9067f- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
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The concept of deep geological disposal of HLW was first explored more than 60 years ago by the National Academy of Sciences in the United States of America [38].
52. IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908) · PDF page 59
Narrow public claim
In particular, Finland has made significant progress and has begun repository construction activities, after receiving a construction licence authorization in 2015.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908)
- Section locator
PDF page 59- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
ff8502b2e497ae0adc6eb8728c9a36371f0c8df162bdc9b6b8c117c2c8d9067f- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
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In particular, Finland has made significant progress and has begun repository construction activities, after receiving a construction licence authorization in 2015.
53. IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908) · PDF page 59
Narrow public claim
The United States of America completed a licence application for a proposed repository at Yucca Mountain in Nevada, which was submitted for regulatory review in 2008.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908)
- Section locator
PDF page 59- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
ff8502b2e497ae0adc6eb8728c9a36371f0c8df162bdc9b6b8c117c2c8d9067f- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
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The United States of America completed a licence application for a proposed repository at Yucca Mountain in Nevada, which was submitted for regulatory review in 2008.
54. IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908) · PDF page 60
Narrow public claim
(a) Centre industriel de stockage géologique — the French HLW and ILW disposal concept In France, the feasibility of the safe and reversible disposal of HLW and ILW in deep clay formations has been studied by Andra since 1993.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908)
- Section locator
PDF page 60- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
ff8502b2e497ae0adc6eb8728c9a36371f0c8df162bdc9b6b8c117c2c8d9067f- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
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python scripts/verify_primary_public_claim_group.py artifacts/cb7k_dom067_t06_primary_claims.json --source-file <local-raw-pdf>Exact source quote
(a) Centre industriel de stockage géologique — the French HLW and ILW disposal concept In France, the feasibility of the safe and reversible disposal of HLW and ILW in deep clay formations has been studied by Andra since 1993.
55. IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908) · PDF page 60
Narrow public claim
If permitted by the responsible authorities preparation for the construction of Cigéo could begin in 2022/2023 in order to start construction of the repository itself soon after a licence has been granted.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908)
- Section locator
PDF page 60- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
ff8502b2e497ae0adc6eb8728c9a36371f0c8df162bdc9b6b8c117c2c8d9067f- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
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If permitted by the responsible authorities preparation for the construction of Cigéo could begin in 2022/2023 in order to start construction of the repository itself soon after a licence has been granted.
56. IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908) · PDF page 61
Narrow public claim
The wastes will be disposed at a depth of about 500 m near the centre of an impermeable argillaceous rock formation (Callovo–Oxfordian argillite) with a thickness of about 140 m.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908)
- Section locator
PDF page 61- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
ff8502b2e497ae0adc6eb8728c9a36371f0c8df162bdc9b6b8c117c2c8d9067f- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
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The wastes will be disposed at a depth of about 500 m near the centre of an impermeable argillaceous rock formation (Callovo–Oxfordian argillite) with a thickness of about 140 m.
57. IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908) · PDF page 63
Narrow public claim
The monolith B packages and supercontainers provide radiological protection to workers (maximum 25 μSv/h at 1 m), enabling the safe handling of the disposal waste packages without additional protection.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908)
- Section locator
PDF page 63- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
ff8502b2e497ae0adc6eb8728c9a36371f0c8df162bdc9b6b8c117c2c8d9067f- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
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Download the PDF to a local file, then run the committed verifier. A changed PDF is reported as drift rather than silently accepted.
python scripts/verify_primary_public_claim_group.py artifacts/cb7k_dom067_t06_primary_claims.json --source-file <local-raw-pdf>Exact source quote
The monolith B packages and supercontainers provide radiological protection to workers (maximum 25 μSv/h at 1 m), enabling the safe handling of the disposal waste packages without additional protection.
58. IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908) · PDF page 64
Narrow public claim
To support retrieval, low compressive strength cementitious backfill that can be removed with relatively little effort is being evaluated [41].
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908)
- Section locator
PDF page 64- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
ff8502b2e497ae0adc6eb8728c9a36371f0c8df162bdc9b6b8c117c2c8d9067f- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
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To support retrieval, low compressive strength cementitious backfill that can be removed with relatively little effort is being evaluated [41].
59. IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908) · PDF page 64
Narrow public claim
Following a safety based comparison of the potential sites in 2014, Nagra is continuing site investigation activities on three potential sites.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908)
- Section locator
PDF page 64- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
ff8502b2e497ae0adc6eb8728c9a36371f0c8df162bdc9b6b8c117c2c8d9067f- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
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Following a safety based comparison of the potential sites in 2014, Nagra is continuing site investigation activities on three potential sites.
60. IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908) · PDF page 65
Narrow public claim
40) will be constructed at a depth of several hundred metres below ground surface, roughly in the middle of the Opalinus Clay formation.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908)
- Section locator
PDF page 65- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
ff8502b2e497ae0adc6eb8728c9a36371f0c8df162bdc9b6b8c117c2c8d9067f- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
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40) will be constructed at a depth of several hundred metres below ground surface, roughly in the middle of the Opalinus Clay formation.
61. IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908) · PDF page 66
Narrow public claim
The heat output per canister is restricted in the concept to 1500 W per canister at emplacement for optimal usage of the available underground volume.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908)
- Section locator
PDF page 66- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
ff8502b2e497ae0adc6eb8728c9a36371f0c8df162bdc9b6b8c117c2c8d9067f- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
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Download the PDF to a local file, then run the committed verifier. A changed PDF is reported as drift rather than silently accepted.
python scripts/verify_primary_public_claim_group.py artifacts/cb7k_dom067_t07_primary_claims.json --source-file <local-raw-pdf>Exact source quote
The heat output per canister is restricted in the concept to 1500 W per canister at emplacement for optimal usage of the available underground volume.
62. IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908) · PDF page 67
Narrow public claim
The construction of deposition holes and the installation of a bentonite buffer, together with tunnel backfill and sealing systems, have been demonstrated in underground research and demonstration facilities (at Äspö in Sweden and ONKALO in Finland, at the site of the repository [46]).
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908)
- Section locator
PDF page 67- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
ff8502b2e497ae0adc6eb8728c9a36371f0c8df162bdc9b6b8c117c2c8d9067f- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
Repeat this exact check locally
Download the PDF to a local file, then run the committed verifier. A changed PDF is reported as drift rather than silently accepted.
python scripts/verify_primary_public_claim_group.py artifacts/cb7k_dom067_t07_primary_claims.json --source-file <local-raw-pdf>Exact source quote
The construction of deposition holes and the installation of a bentonite buffer, together with tunnel backfill and sealing systems, have been demonstrated in underground research and demonstration facilities (at Äspö in Sweden and ONKALO in Finland, at the site of the repository [46]).
63. IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908) · PDF page 68
Narrow public claim
Extensive salt mining experience has existed in several countries for more than 150 years and the disposal of HLW and SF in salt domes has been investigated in detail since the 1970s in Germany [47] and the Netherlands.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908)
- Section locator
PDF page 68- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
ff8502b2e497ae0adc6eb8728c9a36371f0c8df162bdc9b6b8c117c2c8d9067f- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
Repeat this exact check locally
Download the PDF to a local file, then run the committed verifier. A changed PDF is reported as drift rather than silently accepted.
python scripts/verify_primary_public_claim_group.py artifacts/cb7k_dom067_t07_primary_claims.json --source-file <local-raw-pdf>Exact source quote
Extensive salt mining experience has existed in several countries for more than 150 years and the disposal of HLW and SF in salt domes has been investigated in detail since the 1970s in Germany [47] and the Netherlands.
64. IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908) · PDF page 68
Narrow public claim
Both bedded and dome salt has been investigated in the United States of America, with the earliest studies for disposal of heat generating waste having started in the 1960s.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908)
- Section locator
PDF page 68- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
ff8502b2e497ae0adc6eb8728c9a36371f0c8df162bdc9b6b8c117c2c8d9067f- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
Repeat this exact check locally
Download the PDF to a local file, then run the committed verifier. A changed PDF is reported as drift rather than silently accepted.
python scripts/verify_primary_public_claim_group.py artifacts/cb7k_dom067_t07_primary_claims.json --source-file <local-raw-pdf>Exact source quote
Both bedded and dome salt has been investigated in the United States of America, with the earliest studies for disposal of heat generating waste having started in the 1960s.
65. IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908) · PDF page 70
Narrow public claim
Volcanic tuff formations Hard, welded volcanic tuff has been considered for HLW/SF disposal at the Yucca Mountain site located approximately 160 km northwest of Las Vegas, Nevada.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908)
- Section locator
PDF page 70- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
ff8502b2e497ae0adc6eb8728c9a36371f0c8df162bdc9b6b8c117c2c8d9067f- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
Repeat this exact check locally
Download the PDF to a local file, then run the committed verifier. A changed PDF is reported as drift rather than silently accepted.
python scripts/verify_primary_public_claim_group.py artifacts/cb7k_dom067_t07_primary_claims.json --source-file <local-raw-pdf>Exact source quote
Volcanic tuff formations Hard, welded volcanic tuff has been considered for HLW/SF disposal at the Yucca Mountain site located approximately 160 km northwest of Las Vegas, Nevada.
66. IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908) · PDF page 70
Narrow public claim
The potential repository would be located in volcanic terrane approximately 300 m below ground level within a sequence of 13 million year old, highly fractured welded tuffs.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908)
- Section locator
PDF page 70- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
ff8502b2e497ae0adc6eb8728c9a36371f0c8df162bdc9b6b8c117c2c8d9067f- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
Repeat this exact check locally
Download the PDF to a local file, then run the committed verifier. A changed PDF is reported as drift rather than silently accepted.
python scripts/verify_primary_public_claim_group.py artifacts/cb7k_dom067_t07_primary_claims.json --source-file <local-raw-pdf>Exact source quote
The potential repository would be located in volcanic terrane approximately 300 m below ground level within a sequence of 13 million year old, highly fractured welded tuffs.
67. IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908) · PDF page 72
Narrow public claim
In 2014, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission found that the Yucca Mountain site met long term safety requirements after permanent closure [52].
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908)
- Section locator
PDF page 72- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
ff8502b2e497ae0adc6eb8728c9a36371f0c8df162bdc9b6b8c117c2c8d9067f- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
Repeat this exact check locally
Download the PDF to a local file, then run the committed verifier. A changed PDF is reported as drift rather than silently accepted.
python scripts/verify_primary_public_claim_group.py artifacts/cb7k_dom067_t07_primary_claims.json --source-file <local-raw-pdf>Exact source quote
In 2014, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission found that the Yucca Mountain site met long term safety requirements after permanent closure [52].
68. IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908) · PDF page 72
Narrow public claim
An emplacement rate of 3000 tHM/year, 50% higher than the production of SF in the United States of America, was required to successfully draw down the stored nuclear fuel stockpile [50].
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908)
- Section locator
PDF page 72- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
ff8502b2e497ae0adc6eb8728c9a36371f0c8df162bdc9b6b8c117c2c8d9067f- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
Repeat this exact check locally
Download the PDF to a local file, then run the committed verifier. A changed PDF is reported as drift rather than silently accepted.
python scripts/verify_primary_public_claim_group.py artifacts/cb7k_dom067_t07_primary_claims.json --source-file <local-raw-pdf>Exact source quote
An emplacement rate of 3000 tHM/year, 50% higher than the production of SF in the United States of America, was required to successfully draw down the stored nuclear fuel stockpile [50].
69. IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908) · PDF page 73
Narrow public claim
The Morsleben repository (Endlager für radioaktive Abfälle Morsleben (ERAM)) was adapted in the early 1970s from a former potash and rock salt mine for use as a LILW disposal facility.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908)
- Section locator
PDF page 73- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
ff8502b2e497ae0adc6eb8728c9a36371f0c8df162bdc9b6b8c117c2c8d9067f- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
Repeat this exact check locally
Download the PDF to a local file, then run the committed verifier. A changed PDF is reported as drift rather than silently accepted.
python scripts/verify_primary_public_claim_group.py artifacts/cb7k_dom067_t07_primary_claims.json --source-file <local-raw-pdf>Exact source quote
The Morsleben repository (Endlager für radioaktive Abfälle Morsleben (ERAM)) was adapted in the early 1970s from a former potash and rock salt mine for use as a LILW disposal facility.
70. IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908) · PDF page 73
Narrow public claim
To ensure the stability of the underground works, between 2003 and 2011 almost one million cubic metres of ‘saltcrete’ (concrete made with rock salt) were used to backfill chambers located in the central portion of the former mine.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IAEA Nuclear Energy Series Technical Reports Guides (PUB1908)
- Section locator
PDF page 73- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
ff8502b2e497ae0adc6eb8728c9a36371f0c8df162bdc9b6b8c117c2c8d9067f- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
Repeat this exact check locally
Download the PDF to a local file, then run the committed verifier. A changed PDF is reported as drift rather than silently accepted.
python scripts/verify_primary_public_claim_group.py artifacts/cb7k_dom067_t07_primary_claims.json --source-file <local-raw-pdf>Exact source quote
To ensure the stability of the underground works, between 2003 and 2011 almost one million cubic metres of ‘saltcrete’ (concrete made with rock salt) were used to backfill chambers located in the central portion of the former mine.