CLAIMBOUND / SOURCE-PUBLICATION EVIDENCE
Oil and gas
Every card identifies what it proves, what it does not prove, its exact quote, locator, source hash, and local rerun command.
1. IPCC AR4 WGIII Chapter 4 Energy Supply · PDF page 7
Narrow public claim
There are many possible scenarios somewhere between the following extremes (WEC, 2004a).
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IPCC AR4 WGIII Chapter 4 Energy Supply
- Section locator
PDF page 7- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
050eb7f7af18e48c87da62a1025154cd4c10096f2ee04a800bca4580d42d4175- Reproduction
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There are many possible scenarios somewhere between the following extremes (WEC, 2004a).
2. IPCC AR4 WGIII Chapter 4 Energy Supply · PDF page 8
Narrow public claim
There are still obstacles to implementing the low-carbon technologies and measures identified in the TAR.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IPCC AR4 WGIII Chapter 4 Energy Supply
- Section locator
PDF page 8- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
050eb7f7af18e48c87da62a1025154cd4c10096f2ee04a800bca4580d42d4175- Reproduction
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python scripts/verify_primary_public_claim_group.py artifacts/cb7k_dom068_t01_primary_claims.json --source-file <local-raw-pdf>Exact source quote
There are still obstacles to implementing the low-carbon technologies and measures identified in the TAR.
3. IPCC AR4 WGIII Chapter 4 Energy Supply · PDF page 9
Narrow public claim
1) The current capacity of energy carriers is shown by the width of the lines.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IPCC AR4 WGIII Chapter 4 Energy Supply
- Section locator
PDF page 9- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
050eb7f7af18e48c87da62a1025154cd4c10096f2ee04a800bca4580d42d4175- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
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python scripts/verify_primary_public_claim_group.py artifacts/cb7k_dom068_t01_primary_claims.json --source-file <local-raw-pdf>Exact source quote
1) The current capacity of energy carriers is shown by the width of the lines.
4. IPCC AR4 WGIII Chapter 4 Energy Supply · PDF page 9
Narrow public claim
3) ‘Buildings’ include residential, commercial, public service and agricultural.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IPCC AR4 WGIII Chapter 4 Energy Supply
- Section locator
PDF page 9- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
050eb7f7af18e48c87da62a1025154cd4c10096f2ee04a800bca4580d42d4175- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
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python scripts/verify_primary_public_claim_group.py artifacts/cb7k_dom068_t01_primary_claims.json --source-file <local-raw-pdf>Exact source quote
3) ‘Buildings’ include residential, commercial, public service and agricultural.
5. IPCC AR4 WGIII Chapter 4 Energy Supply · PDF page 9
Narrow public claim
In this diagram the ratio used is up to 240:1 (OECD,2006c).
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IPCC AR4 WGIII Chapter 4 Energy Supply
- Section locator
PDF page 9- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
050eb7f7af18e48c87da62a1025154cd4c10096f2ee04a800bca4580d42d4175- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
Repeat this exact check locally
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python scripts/verify_primary_public_claim_group.py artifacts/cb7k_dom068_t01_primary_claims.json --source-file <local-raw-pdf>Exact source quote
In this diagram the ratio used is up to 240:1 (OECD,2006c).
6. IPCC AR4 WGIII Chapter 4 Energy Supply · PDF page 10
Narrow public claim
The conversion efficiencies of a fossil fuel or nuclear power plant are typically about 33% due to heat losses whereas the energy in stored water (and other non-thermal means) is converted in turbines at efficiencies approaching 100%.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IPCC AR4 WGIII Chapter 4 Energy Supply
- Section locator
PDF page 10- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
050eb7f7af18e48c87da62a1025154cd4c10096f2ee04a800bca4580d42d4175- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
Repeat this exact check locally
Download the PDF to a local file, then run the committed verifier. A changed PDF is reported as drift rather than silently accepted.
python scripts/verify_primary_public_claim_group.py artifacts/cb7k_dom068_t01_primary_claims.json --source-file <local-raw-pdf>Exact source quote
The conversion efficiencies of a fossil fuel or nuclear power plant are typically about 33% due to heat losses whereas the energy in stored water (and other non-thermal means) is converted in turbines at efficiencies approaching 100%.
7. IPCC AR4 WGIII Chapter 4 Energy Supply · PDF page 10
Narrow public claim
Thus, for a much lower energy equivalent, hydro can produce the same amount of electricity as a thermal plant without a system to utilize the waste heat.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IPCC AR4 WGIII Chapter 4 Energy Supply
- Section locator
PDF page 10- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
050eb7f7af18e48c87da62a1025154cd4c10096f2ee04a800bca4580d42d4175- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
Repeat this exact check locally
Download the PDF to a local file, then run the committed verifier. A changed PDF is reported as drift rather than silently accepted.
python scripts/verify_primary_public_claim_group.py artifacts/cb7k_dom068_t01_primary_claims.json --source-file <local-raw-pdf>Exact source quote
Thus, for a much lower energy equivalent, hydro can produce the same amount of electricity as a thermal plant without a system to utilize the waste heat.
8. IPCC AR4 WGIII Chapter 4 Energy Supply · PDF page 11
Narrow public claim
Saharan Africa is only 23% (but only 8% in rural regions) and South Asia is 41% (30% in rural regions) (IEA, 2005c).
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IPCC AR4 WGIII Chapter 4 Energy Supply
- Section locator
PDF page 11- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
050eb7f7af18e48c87da62a1025154cd4c10096f2ee04a800bca4580d42d4175- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
Repeat this exact check locally
Download the PDF to a local file, then run the committed verifier. A changed PDF is reported as drift rather than silently accepted.
python scripts/verify_primary_public_claim_group.py artifacts/cb7k_dom068_t01_primary_claims.json --source-file <local-raw-pdf>Exact source quote
Saharan Africa is only 23% (but only 8% in rural regions) and South Asia is 41% (30% in rural regions) (IEA, 2005c).
9. IPCC AR4 WGIII Chapter 4 Energy Supply · PDF page 13
Narrow public claim
This will then account for 42% of the increase in world primary-energy demand.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IPCC AR4 WGIII Chapter 4 Energy Supply
- Section locator
PDF page 13- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
050eb7f7af18e48c87da62a1025154cd4c10096f2ee04a800bca4580d42d4175- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
Repeat this exact check locally
Download the PDF to a local file, then run the committed verifier. A changed PDF is reported as drift rather than silently accepted.
python scripts/verify_primary_public_claim_group.py artifacts/cb7k_dom068_t01_primary_claims.json --source-file <local-raw-pdf>Exact source quote
This will then account for 42% of the increase in world primary-energy demand.
10. IPCC AR4 WGIII Chapter 4 Energy Supply · PDF page 13
Narrow public claim
The region could be faced with overall energy resource shortages in the coming decades (Komiyama et al., 2005).
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IPCC AR4 WGIII Chapter 4 Energy Supply
- Section locator
PDF page 13- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
050eb7f7af18e48c87da62a1025154cd4c10096f2ee04a800bca4580d42d4175- Reproduction
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Repeat this exact check locally
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python scripts/verify_primary_public_claim_group.py artifacts/cb7k_dom068_t01_primary_claims.json --source-file <local-raw-pdf>Exact source quote
The region could be faced with overall energy resource shortages in the coming decades (Komiyama et al., 2005).
11. IPCC AR4 WGIII Chapter 4 Energy Supply · PDF page 13
Narrow public claim
Energy security risks are likely to increase and stricter environmental restrictions on fossil fuel consumption could be imposed.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IPCC AR4 WGIII Chapter 4 Energy Supply
- Section locator
PDF page 13- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
050eb7f7af18e48c87da62a1025154cd4c10096f2ee04a800bca4580d42d4175- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
Repeat this exact check locally
Download the PDF to a local file, then run the committed verifier. A changed PDF is reported as drift rather than silently accepted.
python scripts/verify_primary_public_claim_group.py artifacts/cb7k_dom068_t02_primary_claims.json --source-file <local-raw-pdf>Exact source quote
Energy security risks are likely to increase and stricter environmental restrictions on fossil fuel consumption could be imposed.
12. IPCC AR4 WGIII Chapter 4 Energy Supply · PDF page 14
Narrow public claim
The potential of the Mediterranean area alone has been estimated by one source to be 8000 EJ/yr (http:/www.dlr.de/tt/med-csp) Sources: Data from BP, 2006; WEC, 2004c; IEA, 2006b; IAEA, 2005c; USGS, 2000; Martinot, 2005; Johansson, 2004; Hall, 2003; Encyclopaedia of Energy, 2004.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IPCC AR4 WGIII Chapter 4 Energy Supply
- Section locator
PDF page 14- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
050eb7f7af18e48c87da62a1025154cd4c10096f2ee04a800bca4580d42d4175- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
Repeat this exact check locally
Download the PDF to a local file, then run the committed verifier. A changed PDF is reported as drift rather than silently accepted.
python scripts/verify_primary_public_claim_group.py artifacts/cb7k_dom068_t02_primary_claims.json --source-file <local-raw-pdf>Exact source quote
The potential of the Mediterranean area alone has been estimated by one source to be 8000 EJ/yr (http:/www.dlr.de/tt/med-csp) Sources: Data from BP, 2006; WEC, 2004c; IEA, 2006b; IAEA, 2005c; USGS, 2000; Martinot, 2005; Johansson, 2004; Hall, 2003; Encyclopaedia of Energy, 2004.
13. IPCC AR4 WGIII Chapter 4 Energy Supply · PDF page 17
Narrow public claim
Production costs vary depending on gas prices, but where stranded gas is available at 0.5 US$/GJ production costs are around 30 US$ a barrel (IEA 2006a).
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IPCC AR4 WGIII Chapter 4 Energy Supply
- Section locator
PDF page 17- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
050eb7f7af18e48c87da62a1025154cd4c10096f2ee04a800bca4580d42d4175- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
Repeat this exact check locally
Download the PDF to a local file, then run the committed verifier. A changed PDF is reported as drift rather than silently accepted.
python scripts/verify_primary_public_claim_group.py artifacts/cb7k_dom068_t02_primary_claims.json --source-file <local-raw-pdf>Exact source quote
Production costs vary depending on gas prices, but where stranded gas is available at 0.5 US$/GJ production costs are around 30 US$ a barrel (IEA 2006a).
14. IPCC AR4 WGIII Chapter 4 Energy Supply · PDF page 17
Narrow public claim
Two thirds of proven crude oil reserves are located in the Middle East and North Africa (IEA, 2005a).
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IPCC AR4 WGIII Chapter 4 Energy Supply
- Section locator
PDF page 17- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
050eb7f7af18e48c87da62a1025154cd4c10096f2ee04a800bca4580d42d4175- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
Repeat this exact check locally
Download the PDF to a local file, then run the committed verifier. A changed PDF is reported as drift rather than silently accepted.
python scripts/verify_primary_public_claim_group.py artifacts/cb7k_dom068_t02_primary_claims.json --source-file <local-raw-pdf>Exact source quote
Two thirds of proven crude oil reserves are located in the Middle East and North Africa (IEA, 2005a).
15. IPCC AR4 WGIII Chapter 4 Energy Supply · PDF page 18
Narrow public claim
As with oil sands (below), the availability of abundant water is an issue.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IPCC AR4 WGIII Chapter 4 Energy Supply
- Section locator
PDF page 18- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
050eb7f7af18e48c87da62a1025154cd4c10096f2ee04a800bca4580d42d4175- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
Repeat this exact check locally
Download the PDF to a local file, then run the committed verifier. A changed PDF is reported as drift rather than silently accepted.
python scripts/verify_primary_public_claim_group.py artifacts/cb7k_dom068_t02_primary_claims.json --source-file <local-raw-pdf>Exact source quote
As with oil sands (below), the availability of abundant water is an issue.
16. IPCC AR4 WGIII Chapter 4 Energy Supply · PDF page 20
Narrow public claim
It is not expected to begin accepting HLW before 2015.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IPCC AR4 WGIII Chapter 4 Energy Supply
- Section locator
PDF page 20- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
050eb7f7af18e48c87da62a1025154cd4c10096f2ee04a800bca4580d42d4175- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
Repeat this exact check locally
Download the PDF to a local file, then run the committed verifier. A changed PDF is reported as drift rather than silently accepted.
python scripts/verify_primary_public_claim_group.py artifacts/cb7k_dom068_t02_primary_claims.json --source-file <local-raw-pdf>Exact source quote
It is not expected to begin accepting HLW before 2015.
17. IPCC AR4 WGIII Chapter 4 Energy Supply · PDF page 20
Narrow public claim
Nuclear Weapons (NPT) has been ratified by nearly 190 countries.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IPCC AR4 WGIII Chapter 4 Energy Supply
- Section locator
PDF page 20- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
050eb7f7af18e48c87da62a1025154cd4c10096f2ee04a800bca4580d42d4175- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
Repeat this exact check locally
Download the PDF to a local file, then run the committed verifier. A changed PDF is reported as drift rather than silently accepted.
python scripts/verify_primary_public_claim_group.py artifacts/cb7k_dom068_t02_primary_claims.json --source-file <local-raw-pdf>Exact source quote
Nuclear Weapons (NPT) has been ratified by nearly 190 countries.
18. IPCC AR4 WGIII Chapter 4 Energy Supply · PDF page 21
Narrow public claim
Nuclear fuels could also be based on thorium with proven and probable resources being about 4.5 Mt (OECD, 2004a).
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IPCC AR4 WGIII Chapter 4 Energy Supply
- Section locator
PDF page 21- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
050eb7f7af18e48c87da62a1025154cd4c10096f2ee04a800bca4580d42d4175- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
Repeat this exact check locally
Download the PDF to a local file, then run the committed verifier. A changed PDF is reported as drift rather than silently accepted.
python scripts/verify_primary_public_claim_group.py artifacts/cb7k_dom068_t02_primary_claims.json --source-file <local-raw-pdf>Exact source quote
Nuclear fuels could also be based on thorium with proven and probable resources being about 4.5 Mt (OECD, 2004a).
19. IPCC AR4 WGIII Chapter 4 Energy Supply · PDF page 23
Narrow public claim
These and environmental concerns may mean that obtaining resource permits is a constraint.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IPCC AR4 WGIII Chapter 4 Energy Supply
- Section locator
PDF page 23- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
050eb7f7af18e48c87da62a1025154cd4c10096f2ee04a800bca4580d42d4175- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
Repeat this exact check locally
Download the PDF to a local file, then run the committed verifier. A changed PDF is reported as drift rather than silently accepted.
python scripts/verify_primary_public_claim_group.py artifacts/cb7k_dom068_t02_primary_claims.json --source-file <local-raw-pdf>Exact source quote
These and environmental concerns may mean that obtaining resource permits is a constraint.
20. IPCC AR4 WGIII Chapter 4 Energy Supply · PDF page 30
Narrow public claim
Energy carriers include electricity and heat as well as solid, liquid and gaseous fuels.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IPCC AR4 WGIII Chapter 4 Energy Supply
- Section locator
PDF page 30- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
050eb7f7af18e48c87da62a1025154cd4c10096f2ee04a800bca4580d42d4175- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
Repeat this exact check locally
Download the PDF to a local file, then run the committed verifier. A changed PDF is reported as drift rather than silently accepted.
python scripts/verify_primary_public_claim_group.py artifacts/cb7k_dom068_t02_primary_claims.json --source-file <local-raw-pdf>Exact source quote
Energy carriers include electricity and heat as well as solid, liquid and gaseous fuels.
21. IPCC AR4 WGIII Chapter 4 Energy Supply · PDF page 31
Narrow public claim
Important intersections are noted with circles, small blue for transformations to solid energy carriers and small pink to liquid or gaseous carriers.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IPCC AR4 WGIII Chapter 4 Energy Supply
- Section locator
PDF page 31- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
050eb7f7af18e48c87da62a1025154cd4c10096f2ee04a800bca4580d42d4175- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
Repeat this exact check locally
Download the PDF to a local file, then run the committed verifier. A changed PDF is reported as drift rather than silently accepted.
python scripts/verify_primary_public_claim_group.py artifacts/cb7k_dom068_t03_primary_claims.json --source-file <local-raw-pdf>Exact source quote
Important intersections are noted with circles, small blue for transformations to solid energy carriers and small pink to liquid or gaseous carriers.
22. IPCC AR4 WGIII Chapter 4 Energy Supply · PDF page 31
Narrow public claim
Large green circles are critical transformations for future energy systems.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IPCC AR4 WGIII Chapter 4 Energy Supply
- Section locator
PDF page 31- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
050eb7f7af18e48c87da62a1025154cd4c10096f2ee04a800bca4580d42d4175- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
Repeat this exact check locally
Download the PDF to a local file, then run the committed verifier. A changed PDF is reported as drift rather than silently accepted.
python scripts/verify_primary_public_claim_group.py artifacts/cb7k_dom068_t03_primary_claims.json --source-file <local-raw-pdf>Exact source quote
Large green circles are critical transformations for future energy systems.
23. IPCC AR4 WGIII Chapter 4 Energy Supply · PDF page 33
Narrow public claim
Hydrogen has potential as an energy-storage medium for electricity production or transport fuel when needed.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IPCC AR4 WGIII Chapter 4 Energy Supply
- Section locator
PDF page 33- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
050eb7f7af18e48c87da62a1025154cd4c10096f2ee04a800bca4580d42d4175- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
Repeat this exact check locally
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Hydrogen has potential as an energy-storage medium for electricity production or transport fuel when needed.
24. IPCC AR4 WGIII Chapter 4 Energy Supply · PDF page 33
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In some instances, the best use of modern biomass will be co-firing with coal at blends up to 5–10% biomass or with natural gas.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- Primary source
- IPCC AR4 WGIII Chapter 4 Energy Supply
- Section locator
PDF page 33- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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In some instances, the best use of modern biomass will be co-firing with coal at blends up to 5–10% biomass or with natural gas.
25. IPCC AR4 WGIII Chapter 4 Energy Supply · PDF page 34
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FutureGen is a US initiative to build the world’s first integrated CCS and hydrogen-production research power plant (US DOE, 2004).
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- Primary source
- IPCC AR4 WGIII Chapter 4 Energy Supply
- Section locator
PDF page 34- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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FutureGen is a US initiative to build the world’s first integrated CCS and hydrogen-production research power plant (US DOE, 2004).
26. IPCC AR4 WGIII Chapter 4 Energy Supply · PDF page 37
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Superconductors may incorporate hydrogen as both cryogenic coolant and energy carrier.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- Primary source
- IPCC AR4 WGIII Chapter 4 Energy Supply
- Section locator
PDF page 37- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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Superconductors may incorporate hydrogen as both cryogenic coolant and energy carrier.
27. IPCC AR4 WGIII Chapter 4 Energy Supply · PDF page 39
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Just one such example of the complexity of determining the cost, potential and period before commercial delivery of a technology is the hydrogen economy.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- Primary source
- IPCC AR4 WGIII Chapter 4 Energy Supply
- Section locator
PDF page 39- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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Just one such example of the complexity of determining the cost, potential and period before commercial delivery of a technology is the hydrogen economy.
28. IPCC AR4 WGIII Chapter 4 Energy Supply · PDF page 39
Narrow public claim
(Section 4.3.6) are not always included in the scenarios.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- Primary source
- IPCC AR4 WGIII Chapter 4 Energy Supply
- Section locator
PDF page 39- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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(Section 4.3.6) are not always included in the scenarios.
29. IPCC AR4 WGIII Chapter 4 Energy Supply · PDF page 40
Narrow public claim
Heat and CHP potentials are more difficult to determine due to lack of available data, and transport potentials are analysed in Chapter 5.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- Primary source
- IPCC AR4 WGIII Chapter 4 Energy Supply
- Section locator
PDF page 40- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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Heat and CHP potentials are more difficult to determine due to lack of available data, and transport potentials are analysed in Chapter 5.
30. IPCC AR4 WGIII Chapter 4 Energy Supply · PDF page 42
Narrow public claim
Notes: Bars depict 10 and 90 percentiles and lines extend to show minimum and maximum estimates.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- IPCC AR4 WGIII Chapter 4 Energy Supply
- Section locator
PDF page 42- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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Notes: Bars depict 10 and 90 percentiles and lines extend to show minimum and maximum estimates.
31. IPCC AR4 WGIII Chapter 4 Energy Supply · PDF page 43
Narrow public claim
Include old and new plants operating in 2006.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- Primary source
- IPCC AR4 WGIII Chapter 4 Energy Supply
- Section locator
PDF page 43- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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32. IPCC AR4 WGIII Chapter 4 Energy Supply · PDF page 45
Narrow public claim
This potential is uncertain, however, as it relies on appropriate fuel-cell development and is not included here.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IPCC AR4 WGIII Chapter 4 Energy Supply
- Section locator
PDF page 45- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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This potential is uncertain, however, as it relies on appropriate fuel-cell development and is not included here.
33. IPCC AR4 WGIII Chapter 4 Energy Supply · PDF page 46
Narrow public claim
Estimates in the baseline were 4248 TWh yr-1 from hydro by 2030 compared with 2929 TWh yr-1 from nuclear (IEA, 2004a).
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- Primary source
- IPCC AR4 WGIII Chapter 4 Energy Supply
- Section locator
PDF page 46- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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Estimates in the baseline were 4248 TWh yr-1 from hydro by 2030 compared with 2929 TWh yr-1 from nuclear (IEA, 2004a).
34. IPCC AR4 WGIII Chapter 4 Energy Supply · PDF page 49
Narrow public claim
Then 9% of total new and existing coal-fired plants will have CCS by 2030 in the OECD region and 4% elsewhere.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- Primary source
- IPCC AR4 WGIII Chapter 4 Energy Supply
- Section locator
PDF page 49- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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Then 9% of total new and existing coal-fired plants will have CCS by 2030 in the OECD region and 4% elsewhere.
35. IPCC AR4 WGIII Chapter 4 Energy Supply · PDF page 51
Narrow public claim
The resulting GHG emissions avoided are assessed.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IPCC AR4 WGIII Chapter 4 Energy Supply
- Section locator
PDF page 51- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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36. IPCC AR4 WGIII Chapter 4 Energy Supply · PDF page 51
Narrow public claim
In reality, the future value of carbon will likely affect the actual generation shares for each technology, as will any mitigation policies in place before 2030 that encourage reductions of GHG emissions from specific components of the energy-supply sector.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IPCC AR4 WGIII Chapter 4 Energy Supply
- Section locator
PDF page 51- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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In reality, the future value of carbon will likely affect the actual generation shares for each technology, as will any mitigation policies in place before 2030 that encourage reductions of GHG emissions from specific components of the energy-supply sector.
37. IPCC AR4 WGIII Chapter 4 Energy Supply · PDF page 54
Narrow public claim
CHP and heat are not included, nor electricity savings from energy-efficiency measures in the building and industry sectors.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IPCC AR4 WGIII Chapter 4 Energy Supply
- Section locator
PDF page 54- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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050eb7f7af18e48c87da62a1025154cd4c10096f2ee04a800bca4580d42d4175- Reproduction
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CHP and heat are not included, nor electricity savings from energy-efficiency measures in the building and industry sectors.
38. IPCC AR4 WGIII Chapter 4 Energy Supply · PDF page 55
Narrow public claim
Subsidies, incentives and market mechanisms presently used to promote fossil fuels, nuclear power and renewables may need some redirection to achieve more rapid decarbonization of the energy supply.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IPCC AR4 WGIII Chapter 4 Energy Supply
- Section locator
PDF page 55- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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Subsidies, incentives and market mechanisms presently used to promote fossil fuels, nuclear power and renewables may need some redirection to achieve more rapid decarbonization of the energy supply.
39. IPCC AR4 WGIII Chapter 4 Energy Supply · PDF page 57
Narrow public claim
Education, technical training and public awareness are essential complements to GHG mitigation policies.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IPCC AR4 WGIII Chapter 4 Energy Supply
- Section locator
PDF page 57- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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Education, technical training and public awareness are essential complements to GHG mitigation policies.
40. IPCC AR4 WGIII Chapter 4 Energy Supply · PDF page 58
Narrow public claim
This justifies new technology deployment support by governments (Section 4.5.6).
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IPCC AR4 WGIII Chapter 4 Energy Supply
- Section locator
PDF page 58- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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This justifies new technology deployment support by governments (Section 4.5.6).
41. IPCC AR4 WGIII Chapter 4 Energy Supply · PDF page 59
Narrow public claim
Rather, emissions trading has emerged as the preferred method of effecting global GHG mitigation, both within and outside the auspices of the Kyoto Protocol (Sloss et al., 2003).
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IPCC AR4 WGIII Chapter 4 Energy Supply
- Section locator
PDF page 59- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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Rather, emissions trading has emerged as the preferred method of effecting global GHG mitigation, both within and outside the auspices of the Kyoto Protocol (Sloss et al., 2003).
42. IPCC AR4 WGIII Chapter 4 Energy Supply · PDF page 61
Narrow public claim
Spills at oil refineries are also not uncommon.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IPCC AR4 WGIII Chapter 4 Energy Supply
- Section locator
PDF page 61- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
050eb7f7af18e48c87da62a1025154cd4c10096f2ee04a800bca4580d42d4175- Reproduction
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43. IPCC AR4 WGIII Chapter 4 Energy Supply · PDF page 61
Narrow public claim
The high investment cost required to build energy-system infrastructure is a major barrier to sustainable development.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IPCC AR4 WGIII Chapter 4 Energy Supply
- Section locator
PDF page 61- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
050eb7f7af18e48c87da62a1025154cd4c10096f2ee04a800bca4580d42d4175- Reproduction
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The high investment cost required to build energy-system infrastructure is a major barrier to sustainable development.
44. IPCC AR4 WGIII Chapter 4 Energy Supply · PDF page 63
Narrow public claim
At the same time, it is desirable to assess current adaptation measures and their adequacy to handle potential vulnerability.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IPCC AR4 WGIII Chapter 4 Energy Supply
- Section locator
PDF page 63- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
050eb7f7af18e48c87da62a1025154cd4c10096f2ee04a800bca4580d42d4175- Reproduction
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At the same time, it is desirable to assess current adaptation measures and their adequacy to handle potential vulnerability.
45. IPCC AR4 WGIII Chapter 4 Energy Supply · PDF page 66
Narrow public claim
Dow Jones Trade News Emissions, 19 May, 10, 11 pp.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IPCC AR4 WGIII Chapter 4 Energy Supply
- Section locator
PDF page 66- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
050eb7f7af18e48c87da62a1025154cd4c10096f2ee04a800bca4580d42d4175- Reproduction
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46. IPCC AR4 WGIII Chapter 4 Energy Supply · PDF page 66
Narrow public claim
EC, 2007: World energy technology outlook 2050 (WETO-H2) Report.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IPCC AR4 WGIII Chapter 4 Energy Supply
- Section locator
PDF page 66- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
050eb7f7af18e48c87da62a1025154cd4c10096f2ee04a800bca4580d42d4175- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
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EC, 2007: World energy technology outlook 2050 (WETO-H2) Report.
47. IPCC AR4 WGIII Chapter 4 Energy Supply · PDF page 67
Narrow public claim
Report Catholic Relief Services, Baltimore MD, 110 pp.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IPCC AR4 WGIII Chapter 4 Energy Supply
- Section locator
PDF page 67- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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Report Catholic Relief Services, Baltimore MD, 110 pp.
48. IPCC AR4 WGIII Chapter 4 Energy Supply · PDF page 68
Narrow public claim
IPCC, 2005: IPCC special report on Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IPCC AR4 WGIII Chapter 4 Energy Supply
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PDF page 68- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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IPCC, 2005: IPCC special report on Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage.
49. IPCC AR4 WGIII Chapter 4 Energy Supply · PDF page 70
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Report No RES/SC/03/22509, Eskom Holdings Ltd., Johannesburg.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IPCC AR4 WGIII Chapter 4 Energy Supply
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PDF page 70- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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Report No RES/SC/03/22509, Eskom Holdings Ltd., Johannesburg.
50. IPCC AR4 WGIII Chapter 4 Energy Supply · PDF page 72
Narrow public claim
WEC, 2004d: Energy end-use technologies for the 21st Century.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- IPCC AR4 WGIII Chapter 4 Energy Supply
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PDF page 72- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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WEC, 2004d: Energy end-use technologies for the 21st Century.
51. IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems · PDF page 8
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Responsive load issues are dealt with by chapters 8 – 10.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems
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PDF page 8- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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Responsive load issues are dealt with by chapters 8 – 10.
52. IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems · PDF page 9
Narrow public claim
Section 7.2 describes the current status of global and regional energy markets.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems
- Section locator
PDF page 9- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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Section 7.2 describes the current status of global and regional energy markets.
53. IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems · PDF page 9
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Transportation consumes 62 % of liquid fuels final use.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems
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PDF page 9- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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Transportation consumes 62 % of liquid fuels final use.
54. IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems · PDF page 11
Narrow public claim
Underlying data from IEA (2012a) for this figure have been converted using the direct equivalent method of accounting for primary energy (see Annex.II.4).
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
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- IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems
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PDF page 11- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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Underlying data from IEA (2012a) for this figure have been converted using the direct equivalent method of accounting for primary energy (see Annex.II.4).
55. IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems · PDF page 12
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The IEA reports energy sector share at 46 % (IEA, 2012f).
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- Primary source
- IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems
- Section locator
PDF page 12- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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The IEA reports energy sector share at 46 % (IEA, 2012f).
56. IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems · PDF page 13
Narrow public claim
Those trends were formed well before the incident at the Fukushima nuclear plants in March 2011 and following revision of policies towards nuclear power by several governments (IEA, 2012e).
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems
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PDF page 13- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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Those trends were formed well before the incident at the Fukushima nuclear plants in March 2011 and following revision of policies towards nuclear power by several governments (IEA, 2012e).
57. IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems · PDF page 13
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Additional information on regional total and per-capita energy con sumption and emissions, historic emissions trends and drivers, and embedded (consumption-based) emissions is reported in Chapter 5.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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PDF page 13- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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Additional information on regional total and per-capita energy con sumption and emissions, historic emissions trends and drivers, and embedded (consumption-based) emissions is reported in Chapter 5.
58. IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems · PDF page 23
Narrow public claim
These real-world MMV deployments are the beginnings of a broader portfolio of MMV technologies that can be matched to site-specific geology and project- and jurisdiction-specific MMV needs (Mathieson et al., 2010; Vasco et al., 2010; Sato et al., 2011).
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems
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PDF page 23- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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These real-world MMV deployments are the beginnings of a broader portfolio of MMV technologies that can be matched to site-specific geology and project- and jurisdiction-specific MMV needs (Mathieson et al., 2010; Vasco et al., 2010; Sato et al., 2011).
59. IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems · PDF page 25
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5 % to 40 % of the nameplate capacity (Mason et al., 2010; Holttinen et al., 2011); ranges of capacity credits for other RE resources are sum marized in Sims et al.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems
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PDF page 25- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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b375616d016f09432fdaf63eccb7c26043139d790689754ffc218f3fab54d41c- Reproduction
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5 % to 40 % of the nameplate capacity (Mason et al., 2010; Holttinen et al., 2011); ranges of capacity credits for other RE resources are sum marized in Sims et al.
60. IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems · PDF page 30
Narrow public claim
For the fossil fuel technologies, all fugitive methane emissions were calculated based on the range provided by (Burnham et al., 2012), infrastructure and supplies are based on (Singh et al., 2011), and direct emissions are based on (Singh et al., 2011; Corsten et al., 2013).
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
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- IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems
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PDF page 30- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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b375616d016f09432fdaf63eccb7c26043139d790689754ffc218f3fab54d41c- Reproduction
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For the fossil fuel technologies, all fugitive methane emissions were calculated based on the range provided by (Burnham et al., 2012), infrastructure and supplies are based on (Singh et al., 2011), and direct emissions are based on (Singh et al., 2011; Corsten et al., 2013).
61. IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems · PDF page 32
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Without support from govern ments, investments in new nuclear power plants are currently gen erally not economically attractive within liberalized markets, which have access to relatively cheap coal and / or gas (IEA, 2012b).
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems
- Section locator
PDF page 32- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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Without support from govern ments, investments in new nuclear power plants are currently gen erally not economically attractive within liberalized markets, which have access to relatively cheap coal and / or gas (IEA, 2012b).
62. IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems · PDF page 39
Narrow public claim
Uncertainties and risks associated with long-term storage also have to be considered (Sections 7.5.5 and 7.9.3; Ketzer et al., 2011; Koornneef et al., 2011).
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
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- IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems
- Section locator
PDF page 39- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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Uncertainties and risks associated with long-term storage also have to be considered (Sections 7.5.5 and 7.9.3; Ketzer et al., 2011; Koornneef et al., 2011).
63. IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems · PDF page 47
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Red bars show the deployment range of tech nologies in case of ‘high energy demand’ (> 20 % growth in 2050 compared to 2010).
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems
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PDF page 47- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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b375616d016f09432fdaf63eccb7c26043139d790689754ffc218f3fab54d41c- Reproduction
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Red bars show the deployment range of tech nologies in case of ‘high energy demand’ (> 20 % growth in 2050 compared to 2010).
64. IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems · PDF page 47
Narrow public claim
Notes: Scenarios assuming technology restrictions and scenarios with final energy in the base-year outside ± 5 % of 2010 inventories are excluded.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems
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PDF page 47- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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Notes: Scenarios assuming technology restrictions and scenarios with final energy in the base-year outside ± 5 % of 2010 inventories are excluded.
65. IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems · PDF page 48
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Contribution of ocean energy in the integrated model scenarios is less than 0.1 EJ and thus outside the logarithmic scale of the figure.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems
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PDF page 48- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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Contribution of ocean energy in the integrated model scenarios is less than 0.1 EJ and thus outside the logarithmic scale of the figure.
66. IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems · PDF page 50
Narrow public claim
Note that in the scenarios examined here, the major branch point occurs around the period, while the foundations are laid in the 2030 to 2050 period.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems
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PDF page 50- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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b375616d016f09432fdaf63eccb7c26043139d790689754ffc218f3fab54d41c- Reproduction
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Note that in the scenarios examined here, the major branch point occurs around the period, while the foundations are laid in the 2030 to 2050 period.
67. IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems · PDF page 50
Narrow public claim
Low-carbon energy includes nuclear, renewables, fossil fuels with CCS and bioenergy with CCS: WGIII AR5 Scenario Database (see Annex II.10).
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems
- Section locator
PDF page 50- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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Low-carbon energy includes nuclear, renewables, fossil fuels with CCS and bioenergy with CCS: WGIII AR5 Scenario Database (see Annex II.10).
68. IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems · PDF page 52
Narrow public claim
Dashed lines in the middle panels show the development to 2030 and 2050, and are indicative only for central trends across the majority of the scenarios.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- Primary source
- IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems
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PDF page 52- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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Dashed lines in the middle panels show the development to 2030 and 2050, and are indicative only for central trends across the majority of the scenarios.
69. IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems · PDF page 53
Narrow public claim
In the right panel, scenarios with policies affecting the timing of mitigation other than 2030 interim targets are also excluded.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-07, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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PDF page 53- Captured
- 2026-09-07
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b375616d016f09432fdaf63eccb7c26043139d790689754ffc218f3fab54d41c- Reproduction
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python scripts/verify_primary_public_claim_group.py artifacts/cb7k_dom068_t07_primary_claims.json --source-file <local-raw-pdf>Exact source quote
In the right panel, scenarios with policies affecting the timing of mitigation other than 2030 interim targets are also excluded.
70. IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems · PDF page 58
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There is limited research on the integration issues associated with high levels of low-carbon technology utilization (Section7.6).
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- IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems
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PDF page 58- Captured
- 2026-09-07
- Source SHA-256
b375616d016f09432fdaf63eccb7c26043139d790689754ffc218f3fab54d41c- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
Repeat this exact check locally
Download the PDF to a local file, then run the committed verifier. A changed PDF is reported as drift rather than silently accepted.
python scripts/verify_primary_public_claim_group.py artifacts/cb7k_dom068_t07_primary_claims.json --source-file <local-raw-pdf>Exact source quote
There is limited research on the integration issues associated with high levels of low-carbon technology utilization (Section7.6).