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Plastics
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1. OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options · PDF page 16
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Globally, the annual production of plastics has doubled, soaring from 234 million tonnes (Mt) in 2000 to 460 Mt in 2019.
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- OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options
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Globally, the annual production of plastics has doubled, soaring from 234 million tonnes (Mt) in 2000 to 460 Mt in 2019.
2. OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options · PDF page 16
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After taking into account losses during recycling, only 9% of plastic waste was ultimately recycled, while 19% was incinerated and almost 50% went to sanitary landfills.
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After taking into account losses during recycling, only 9% of plastic waste was ultimately recycled, while 19% was incinerated and almost 50% went to sanitary landfills.
3. OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options · PDF page 17
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This report shows that patented environmental plastics technologies increased more than threefold between 1990 and 2017.
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This report shows that patented environmental plastics technologies increased more than threefold between 1990 and 2017.
4. OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options · PDF page 17
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An inventory of key regulatory and economic instruments in 50 OECD, emerging and developing countries developed for this report suggests that the current plastics policy landscape is fragmented and can be strengthened significantly.
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- OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options
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An inventory of key regulatory and economic instruments in 50 OECD, emerging and developing countries developed for this report suggests that the current plastics policy landscape is fragmented and can be strengthened significantly.
5. OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options · PDF page 19
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Introduction The first manufactured plastic, Parkesine, was developed from cellulose in the mid-19th century and found applications as a clothing waterproofer and as synthetic ivory.
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Introduction The first manufactured plastic, Parkesine, was developed from cellulose in the mid-19th century and found applications as a clothing waterproofer and as synthetic ivory.
6. OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options · PDF page 19
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Concern about the environmental externalities of plastics had already emerged by the 1970s when scientists started observing plastic leakage in the aquatic environment.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-06, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options
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Concern about the environmental externalities of plastics had already emerged by the 1970s when scientists started observing plastic leakage in the aquatic environment.
7. OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options · PDF page 20
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Existing studies also pre-date the COVID-19 pandemic and do not take into account the disruptions and the potential longer-term implications of the pandemic on plastics use and waste generation.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-06, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options
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Existing studies also pre-date the COVID-19 pandemic and do not take into account the disruptions and the potential longer-term implications of the pandemic on plastics use and waste generation.
8. OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options · PDF page 20
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Furthermore, this volume provides novel analysis of four key levers to improve sustainability and circularity along the plastics value chain: markets for recycled plastics, technological innovation in plastics, domestic policy measures and international co-operation to curb plastics use and waste generation (Box 1.1).
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-06, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options
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PDF page 20- Captured
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Furthermore, this volume provides novel analysis of four key levers to improve sustainability and circularity along the plastics value chain: markets for recycled plastics, technological innovation in plastics, domestic policy measures and international co-operation to curb plastics use and waste generation (Box 1.1).
9. OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options · PDF page 21
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The current plastics lifecycle is far from circular Population growth and higher incomes have driven up global plastics production, which has doubled, soaring from 234 million tonnes (Mt) in 2000 to 460 Mt in 2019.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-06, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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PDF page 21- Captured
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The current plastics lifecycle is far from circular Population growth and higher incomes have driven up global plastics production, which has doubled, soaring from 234 million tonnes (Mt) in 2000 to 460 Mt in 2019.
10. OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options · PDF page 21
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While COVID-19 temporarily curtailed this growth, it is likely to rebound once again, though with a slight shift in use and waste trends (Box 1.2).
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-06, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options
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While COVID-19 temporarily curtailed this growth, it is likely to rebound once again, though with a slight shift in use and waste trends (Box 1.2).
11. OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options · PDF page 23
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The vast majority (19.4 Mt) are macroplastics (see Glossary), and most (82%) found their way into the natural environment as a result of inadequate collection and disposal.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-06, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options
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PDF page 23- Captured
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The vast majority (19.4 Mt) are macroplastics (see Glossary), and most (82%) found their way into the natural environment as a result of inadequate collection and disposal.
12. OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options · PDF page 23
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The 30 Mt of plastics accumulated in the ocean, and 109 Mt in rivers, will pollute aquatic environments for decades to come Plastic leakage is fundamentally altering marine and terrestrial ecosystems, whilst also posing substantial risks to human livelihoods that depend on the integrity of such environments, such as tourism and fishing.
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- OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options
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PDF page 23- Captured
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The 30 Mt of plastics accumulated in the ocean, and 109 Mt in rivers, will pollute aquatic environments for decades to come Plastic leakage is fundamentally altering marine and terrestrial ecosystems, whilst also posing substantial risks to human livelihoods that depend on the integrity of such environments, such as tourism and fishing.
13. OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options · PDF page 24
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The overall effect of these countervailing trends was that 2020 saw plastics use decrease overall from levels by an estimated 2.2%, although data sources are still relatively weak.
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- OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options
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The overall effect of these countervailing trends was that 2020 saw plastics use decrease overall from levels by an estimated 2.2%, although data sources are still relatively weak.
14. OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options · PDF page 24
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However, as the decrease in plastics use was less substantial than the decline in global economic activity, the plastics intensity of the economy increased in 2020 on average.
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- OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options
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However, as the decrease in plastics use was less substantial than the decline in global economic activity, the plastics intensity of the economy increased in 2020 on average.
15. OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options · PDF page 26
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Furthermore, the regulatory environments that govern markets for secondary plastics have undergone important transformations since 2017 when the People’s Republic of China (hereafter China) introduced its National Sword policy, banning most imports of plastic waste.
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Furthermore, the regulatory environments that govern markets for secondary plastics have undergone important transformations since 2017 when the People’s Republic of China (hereafter China) introduced its National Sword policy, banning most imports of plastic waste.
16. OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options · PDF page 26
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Analysis of patent data shows that innovation for more sustainable plastics is increasing, with patented technologies in this area increasing by a factor of 3.4 over 1990-2017.
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Analysis of patent data shows that innovation for more sustainable plastics is increasing, with patented technologies in this area increasing by a factor of 3.4 over 1990-2017.
17. OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options · PDF page 27
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Only 13 countries (representing 4% of the population covered by the inventory) have national policy instruments in place that provide direct financial incentives to sort plastic waste at source.
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Only 13 countries (representing 4% of the population covered by the inventory) have national policy instruments in place that provide direct financial incentives to sort plastic waste at source.
18. OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options · PDF page 27
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Similarly, only 25 countries (representing 11% of the population covered by the inventory) have implemented well-known instruments to encourage recycling, such as national landfill and incineration taxes.
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Similarly, only 25 countries (representing 11% of the population covered by the inventory) have implemented well-known instruments to encourage recycling, such as national landfill and incineration taxes.
19. OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options · PDF page 29
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Estimates presented in this Outlook suggest that annual costs, of more than EUR 25 billion a year, are needed to drastically reduce plastic leakage in low- and middle-income countries.
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Estimates presented in this Outlook suggest that annual costs, of more than EUR 25 billion a year, are needed to drastically reduce plastic leakage in low- and middle-income countries.
20. OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options · PDF page 29
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The annual costs represent 0.3% of low and lower middle-income countries’ GDP and would be an important financial burden, especially for the group of least developed countries.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-06, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options
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The annual costs represent 0.3% of low and lower middle-income countries’ GDP and would be an important financial burden, especially for the group of least developed countries.
21. OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options · PDF page 34
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Plastics in packaging, construction and transportation together account for more than 60% of the weight of plastics use. The current use of plastics is far from circular.
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- OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options
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Plastics in packaging, construction and transportation together account for more than 60% of the weight of plastics use. The current use of plastics is far from circular.
22. OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options · PDF page 34
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Of the 353 Mt of global plastic waste generated globally in 2019, only an estimated 55 Mt were collected for recycling, 22 Mt of which were disposed.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-06, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options
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PDF page 34- Captured
- 2026-09-06
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Of the 353 Mt of global plastic waste generated globally in 2019, only an estimated 55 Mt were collected for recycling, 22 Mt of which were disposed.
23. OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options · PDF page 37
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Biobased plastics are a rather small group of plastics with similar characteristics to fossil-based plastics, but are derived from biomass (Box 2.2).
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-06, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options
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PDF page 37- Captured
- 2026-09-06
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Biobased plastics are a rather small group of plastics with similar characteristics to fossil-based plastics, but are derived from biomass (Box 2.2).
24. OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options · PDF page 37
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Secondary plastics contribute less to GHG emissions than primary plastics, but only accounted for 6% of global plastics use in 2019 (Chapter 4).
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-06, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options
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PDF page 37- Captured
- 2026-09-06
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Secondary plastics contribute less to GHG emissions than primary plastics, but only accounted for 6% of global plastics use in 2019 (Chapter 4).
25. OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options · PDF page 40
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Regional plastics use per capita varies greatly: an inhabitant of the United States uses 255 kg of new plastics every year on average, while the average person in Sub-Saharan Africa uses less than one tenth of that amount.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-06, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options
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PDF page 40- Captured
- 2026-09-06
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Regional plastics use per capita varies greatly: an inhabitant of the United States uses 255 kg of new plastics every year on average, while the average person in Sub-Saharan Africa uses less than one tenth of that amount.
26. OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options · PDF page 40
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In contrast, the range of plastics intensity relative to GDP across the world is smaller, ranging between 2.5 and 4.5 tonnes per million USD (t/M$).
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-06, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options
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PDF page 40- Captured
- 2026-09-06
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In contrast, the range of plastics intensity relative to GDP across the world is smaller, ranging between 2.5 and 4.5 tonnes per million USD (t/M$).
27. OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options · PDF page 41
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The only outlier in this table is Sub-Saharan Africa, which has the lowest plastics use per capita (16 kg/cap), but the highest plastic intensity (4.5 t/USD M).
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-06, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options
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PDF page 41- Captured
- 2026-09-06
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The only outlier in this table is Sub-Saharan Africa, which has the lowest plastics use per capita (16 kg/cap), but the highest plastic intensity (4.5 t/USD M).
28. OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options · PDF page 42
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The United States had the largest plastic waste footprint in 2019, at 221 kg per capita, while OECD Europe had 114 kg plastic waste per capita.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-06, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options
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PDF page 42- Captured
- 2026-09-06
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The United States had the largest plastic waste footprint in 2019, at 221 kg per capita, while OECD Europe had 114 kg plastic waste per capita.
29. OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options · PDF page 45
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Globally, almost 40% of plastics collected for recycling, or close to 22 Mt, are lost during recycling and end up being incinerated, landfilled or mismanaged.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-06, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options
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PDF page 45- Captured
- 2026-09-06
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Globally, almost 40% of plastics collected for recycling, or close to 22 Mt, are lost during recycling and end up being incinerated, landfilled or mismanaged.
30. OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options · PDF page 46
Narrow public claim
Globally in 2019, 60 Mt of generated plastic waste, 6 Mt of plastic recycling residues and 1 Mt of collected litter were incinerated in industrial facilities, while 162 Mt of generated waste, 11 Mt of residues and 1 Mt of collected litter were disposed of in sanitary landfills.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-06, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options
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PDF page 46- Captured
- 2026-09-06
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Globally in 2019, 60 Mt of generated plastic waste, 6 Mt of plastic recycling residues and 1 Mt of collected litter were incinerated in industrial facilities, while 162 Mt of generated waste, 11 Mt of residues and 1 Mt of collected litter were disposed of in sanitary landfills.
31. OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options · PDF page 46
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Whether plastic waste, especially municipal solid waste (MSW), is incinerated or landfilled depends on historic infrastructure, regulation, local population density and costs (Box 2.3).
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-06, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options
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PDF page 46- Captured
- 2026-09-06
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Whether plastic waste, especially municipal solid waste (MSW), is incinerated or landfilled depends on historic infrastructure, regulation, local population density and costs (Box 2.3).
32. OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options · PDF page 47
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A range of technologies are available, but moving grate incinerators account for more than 93% of global capacity because of their ability to process waste streams with varying characteristics.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-06, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options
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PDF page 47- Captured
- 2026-09-06
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A range of technologies are available, but moving grate incinerators account for more than 93% of global capacity because of their ability to process waste streams with varying characteristics.
33. OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options · PDF page 48
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Globally, approximately 79 Mt (73 Mt of waste and 5 Mt of recycling residues and 1 Mt of collected litter) are mismanaged annually.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-06, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options
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PDF page 48- Captured
- 2026-09-06
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Globally, approximately 79 Mt (73 Mt of waste and 5 Mt of recycling residues and 1 Mt of collected litter) are mismanaged annually.
34. OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options · PDF page 48
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Around 43% of that amount (34 Mt) is estimated to be captured in the inner part of dumpsites where degradation and interaction with the environment is close to zero.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-06, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
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- OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options
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PDF page 48- Captured
- 2026-09-06
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Around 43% of that amount (34 Mt) is estimated to be captured in the inner part of dumpsites where degradation and interaction with the environment is close to zero.
35. OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options · PDF page 51
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The largest source of microplastic leakage is road transport: tyre abrasion (0.7 Mt), brake wear (0.1 Mt) and eroded road markings (0.2 Mt).
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-06, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options
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PDF page 51- Captured
- 2026-09-06
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The largest source of microplastic leakage is road transport: tyre abrasion (0.7 Mt), brake wear (0.1 Mt) and eroded road markings (0.2 Mt).
36. OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options · PDF page 53
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The approach used in this report estimates that around 32% of leaked plastics end up in aquatic environments (the rest accumulates in terrestrial environments).
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-06, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options
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PDF page 53- Captured
- 2026-09-06
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The approach used in this report estimates that around 32% of leaked plastics end up in aquatic environments (the rest accumulates in terrestrial environments).
37. OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options · PDF page 53
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The amount of microplastics produced via the degradation of macroplastics in 2019 is estimated at 0.15 Mt in rivers and lakes, and 0.10 Mt in the ocean.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-06, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options
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PDF page 53- Captured
- 2026-09-06
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The amount of microplastics produced via the degradation of macroplastics in 2019 is estimated at 0.15 Mt in rivers and lakes, and 0.10 Mt in the ocean.
38. OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options · PDF page 61
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With the exception of a slight dip in demand during the global financial crisis of 2008-09, providing evidence for the correlation between economic growth and plastics use.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-06, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options
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PDF page 61- Captured
- 2026-09-06
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With the exception of a slight dip in demand during the global financial crisis of 2008-09, providing evidence for the correlation between economic growth and plastics use.
39. OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options · PDF page 63
Narrow public claim
Global plastics use in 2020 is estimated to have declined in 2020 by around 10 million tonnes (Mt) or 2.2%, which is 4.5% below the pre-COVID projection for 2020. This reduction is substantially smaller than the decline in overall economic activity, with the annual global gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate dropping from around +4% in 2019 to -3.5% in 2020.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-06, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options
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PDF page 63- Captured
- 2026-09-06
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Global plastics use in 2020 is estimated to have declined in 2020 by around 10 million tonnes (Mt) or 2.2%, which is 4.5% below the pre-COVID projection for 2020. This reduction is substantially smaller than the decline in overall economic activity, with the annual global gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate dropping from around +4% in 2019 to -3.5% in 2020.
40. OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options · PDF page 63
Narrow public claim
Plastics use declined in industrial sectors, with plastics use in construction and motor vehicles, respectively, estimated to have declined by 4.6 and 2.6 Mt from 2019 levels. The pandemic has also resulted in significant disruptions to plastics recycling.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-06, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options
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PDF page 63- Captured
- 2026-09-06
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32567d5e4391f8199c6b7421a69a43086713e690158f53f112fa72db39f4c405- Reproduction
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Plastics use declined in industrial sectors, with plastics use in construction and motor vehicles, respectively, estimated to have declined by 4.6 and 2.6 Mt from 2019 levels. The pandemic has also resulted in significant disruptions to plastics recycling.
41. OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options · PDF page 64
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The use of plastics is also ubiquitous in sectors that were negatively affected by the pandemic, such as transport and construction – each accounting for more than 10% of annual plastic use before the COVID-19 pandemic.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-06, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- Primary source
- OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options
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PDF page 64- Captured
- 2026-09-06
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The use of plastics is also ubiquitous in sectors that were negatively affected by the pandemic, such as transport and construction – each accounting for more than 10% of annual plastic use before the COVID-19 pandemic.
42. OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options · PDF page 64
Narrow public claim
Thus, because plastics are used in different applications by many sectors, the overall effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on plastics use in 2020 remains unclear.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-06, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options
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PDF page 64- Captured
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Thus, because plastics are used in different applications by many sectors, the overall effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on plastics use in 2020 remains unclear.
43. OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options · PDF page 66
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To account for this and for the fact that the estimate of 52 billion masks seems conservative, a reasonable approximation is to double that weight to 280 kt.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-06, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options
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PDF page 66- Captured
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To account for this and for the fact that the estimate of 52 billion masks seems conservative, a reasonable approximation is to double that weight to 280 kt.
44. OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options · PDF page 66
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Thus, plastics use for PPE has clearly increased in 2020 compared to earlier years: total additional plastics use for PPE purposes is estimated to equal around 300 kt.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-06, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options
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PDF page 66- Captured
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Thus, plastics use for PPE has clearly increased in 2020 compared to earlier years: total additional plastics use for PPE purposes is estimated to equal around 300 kt.
45. OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options · PDF page 67
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While plastic packaging production declined overall, the use of plastics for packaging in online sales (e-commerce) increased substantially in 2020.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-06, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options
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PDF page 67- Captured
- 2026-09-06
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While plastic packaging production declined overall, the use of plastics for packaging in online sales (e-commerce) increased substantially in 2020.
46. OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options · PDF page 67
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In China, where a relatively large share of consumer spending is conducted online, online sales of consumer goods increased by 14.8% in 2020 compared to 2019.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-06, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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PDF page 67- Captured
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In China, where a relatively large share of consumer spending is conducted online, online sales of consumer goods increased by 14.8% in 2020 compared to 2019.
47. OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options · PDF page 68
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Finally, there were some incentives – and in some cases even regulations (Section 3.3.3) – to switch to single-use plastics as a perceived safer alternative to reusable bags that can be washed.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-06, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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PDF page 68- Captured
- 2026-09-06
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Finally, there were some incentives – and in some cases even regulations (Section 3.3.3) – to switch to single-use plastics as a perceived safer alternative to reusable bags that can be washed.
48. OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options · PDF page 68
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Thus, although the net effect of the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown measures on plastics use for packaging in 2020 is unclear, it is unlikely to be large.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-06, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options
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PDF page 68- Captured
- 2026-09-06
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Thus, although the net effect of the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown measures on plastics use for packaging in 2020 is unclear, it is unlikely to be large.
49. OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options · PDF page 70
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The nature of medical waste, including PPE waste, changed drastically: before 2020, most PPE was used in controlled medical facilities, which tend to have strict waste management protocols.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-06, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options
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PDF page 70- Captured
- 2026-09-06
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The nature of medical waste, including PPE waste, changed drastically: before 2020, most PPE was used in controlled medical facilities, which tend to have strict waste management protocols.
50. OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options · PDF page 70
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But from 2020, a large volume of PPE, and especially face masks, was used by individuals in public settings and ended up as household waste.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-06, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options
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PDF page 70- Captured
- 2026-09-06
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But from 2020, a large volume of PPE, and especially face masks, was used by individuals in public settings and ended up as household waste.
51. OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options · PDF page 72
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Global recycling volumes have not only been influenced by the COVID-19 pandemic – the market has also been influenced by recent changes in national policies.
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PDF page 72- Captured
- 2026-09-06
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Global recycling volumes have not only been influenced by the COVID-19 pandemic – the market has also been influenced by recent changes in national policies.
52. OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options · PDF page 72
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OECD modelling suggests COVID-19 on balance reduced plastics use in 2020 The anecdotal and partial evidence presented above is insufficient to assess the overall effect of the COVID-19 pandemic and associated government response measures on global plastics use.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-06, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options
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PDF page 72- Captured
- 2026-09-06
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OECD modelling suggests COVID-19 on balance reduced plastics use in 2020 The anecdotal and partial evidence presented above is insufficient to assess the overall effect of the COVID-19 pandemic and associated government response measures on global plastics use.
53. OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options · PDF page 73
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First, estimates of economic activity and plastics use for 2020 are not final at the time of writing, and updates of official statistics can be expected.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-06, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options
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PDF page 73- Captured
- 2026-09-06
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First, estimates of economic activity and plastics use for 2020 are not final at the time of writing, and updates of official statistics can be expected.
54. OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options · PDF page 73
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Nonetheless, the modelling assessment captures most of the major trends described in Section 3.2 and emphasises that indirect effects may be more important than the very visible direct effects for relatively small applications.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-06, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options
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PDF page 73- Captured
- 2026-09-06
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Nonetheless, the modelling assessment captures most of the major trends described in Section 3.2 and emphasises that indirect effects may be more important than the very visible direct effects for relatively small applications.
55. OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options · PDF page 76
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However, total plastics use in this sector remains below 2 Mt globally, and thus this increase is relatively minor in absolute terms (around 200 kt).
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-06, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options
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PDF page 76- Captured
- 2026-09-06
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However, total plastics use in this sector remains below 2 Mt globally, and thus this increase is relatively minor in absolute terms (around 200 kt).
56. OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options · PDF page 76
Narrow public claim
Thus, although in 2020 total plastic waste may have remained roughly stable (although robust information is not yet available), the reduced plastics use in consumer products and motor vehicles, and especially in construction, is only likely to reduce plastics waste volumes years from now.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-06, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options
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PDF page 76- Captured
- 2026-09-06
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Thus, although in 2020 total plastic waste may have remained roughly stable (although robust information is not yet available), the reduced plastics use in consumer products and motor vehicles, and especially in construction, is only likely to reduce plastics waste volumes years from now.
57. OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options · PDF page 77
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The backward-looking exercise in this chapter sheds light on how interactions in the economic system are crucial for a broad assessment of the implications of COVID-19 on plastics use.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-06, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options
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PDF page 77- Captured
- 2026-09-06
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The backward-looking exercise in this chapter sheds light on how interactions in the economic system are crucial for a broad assessment of the implications of COVID-19 on plastics use.
58. OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options · PDF page 77
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It has highlighted a widespread reduction in plastics use in 2020 in many economic sectors, but increases in selected applications and a shift towards more single-use plastics.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-06, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options
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PDF page 77- Captured
- 2026-09-06
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It has highlighted a widespread reduction in plastics use in 2020 in many economic sectors, but increases in selected applications and a shift towards more single-use plastics.
59. OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options · PDF page 86
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Recycling diverts material from more harmful waste management practices, and the availability of secondary (recycled) plastics can help lower demand for primary (virgin) plastics. The production of secondary plastics has more than quadrupled in weight in the last 20 years and is growing more quickly than primary plastic production.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-06, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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PDF page 86- Captured
- 2026-09-06
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Recycling diverts material from more harmful waste management practices, and the availability of secondary (recycled) plastics can help lower demand for primary (virgin) plastics. The production of secondary plastics has more than quadrupled in weight in the last 20 years and is growing more quickly than primary plastic production.
60. OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options · PDF page 86
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These measures are expected to prolong a trend of diminishing trade volumes, increasing domestic processing and recycling, as well as exports shifting to new countries, initiated when the People’s Republic of China introduced its National Sword policy in 2017, which banned most imports of plastic waste.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-06, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options
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PDF page 86- Captured
- 2026-09-06
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These measures are expected to prolong a trend of diminishing trade volumes, increasing domestic processing and recycling, as well as exports shifting to new countries, initiated when the People’s Republic of China introduced its National Sword policy in 2017, which banned most imports of plastic waste.
61. OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options · PDF page 87
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While informal workers can perform key functions in collecting and sorting wastes, there are serious concerns that informal recycling processes are relatively inefficient and environmentally harmful, often failing to prevent emissions of hazardous substances and resulting in health and environmental risks (Box 4.1).
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-06, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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PDF page 87- Captured
- 2026-09-06
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While informal workers can perform key functions in collecting and sorting wastes, there are serious concerns that informal recycling processes are relatively inefficient and environmentally harmful, often failing to prevent emissions of hazardous substances and resulting in health and environmental risks (Box 4.1).
62. OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options · PDF page 89
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Secondary plastics production has more than quadrupled in the last two decades, from roughly 6.7 Mt in to 29.1 Mt in 2019, but remains small compared to primary plastics production.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-06, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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PDF page 89- Captured
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Secondary plastics production has more than quadrupled in the last two decades, from roughly 6.7 Mt in to 29.1 Mt in 2019, but remains small compared to primary plastics production.
63. OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options · PDF page 91
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Eco-design and information requirements, such as design standards for disassembly and information requirements or bans of hazardous substances can further improve the quality of supplied secondary materials (Box 4.2).
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Eco-design and information requirements, such as design standards for disassembly and information requirements or bans of hazardous substances can further improve the quality of supplied secondary materials (Box 4.2).
64. OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options · PDF page 93
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In addition, new patents are increasingly focusing on waste prevention and recycling, with about half of all patented plastic innovations in 2017 having a focus on these areas.
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PDF page 93- Captured
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In addition, new patents are increasingly focusing on waste prevention and recycling, with about half of all patented plastic innovations in 2017 having a focus on these areas.
65. OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options · PDF page 93
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Changes in consumer priorities and an increasing policy emphasis on plastic recycling seem to have improved the business case for investments in new recycling technologies and projects (Box 4.3).
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PDF page 93- Captured
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Changes in consumer priorities and an increasing policy emphasis on plastic recycling seem to have improved the business case for investments in new recycling technologies and projects (Box 4.3).
66. OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options · PDF page 94
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A share of this waste is treated by the informal waste management sector, which can lead to environmental and health issues (Box 4.1).
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PDF page 94- Captured
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A share of this waste is treated by the informal waste management sector, which can lead to environmental and health issues (Box 4.1).
67. OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options · PDF page 94
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Since 2013, China has imposed several drastic restrictions on imported plastic waste in order to increase quality, reduce waste leakage and promote recycling of domestically-collected waste.
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PDF page 94- Captured
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Since 2013, China has imposed several drastic restrictions on imported plastic waste in order to increase quality, reduce waste leakage and promote recycling of domestically-collected waste.
68. OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options · PDF page 95
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Import restrictions have reduced the share of plastic waste traded Between 2014 and 2020, the global share of plastic waste exported in overall plastic waste generated declined from about 5.3% (15.6 Mt exported out of 296.2 Mt waste generated) to roughly 1.8% (6.4 Mt exported out of 359.9 Mt generated).
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-06, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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PDF page 95- Captured
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Import restrictions have reduced the share of plastic waste traded Between 2014 and 2020, the global share of plastic waste exported in overall plastic waste generated declined from about 5.3% (15.6 Mt exported out of 296.2 Mt waste generated) to roughly 1.8% (6.4 Mt exported out of 359.9 Mt generated).
69. OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options · PDF page 107
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Although innovation in plastic waste prevention and recycling has increased since 1990, its share in overall plastics innovation at the global level remains small.
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PDF page 107- Captured
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Although innovation in plastic waste prevention and recycling has increased since 1990, its share in overall plastics innovation at the global level remains small.
70. OECD Global Plastics Outlook: Economic Drivers, Environmental Impacts and Policy Options · PDF page 107
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The remainder of this section focuses on prevention and recycling technologies, since biobased feedstock (Chapter 2) and technologies for converting or disposing of waste have been covered comprehensively in previous chapters (see Box 2.2 and Box 2.3, among others).
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-06, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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PDF page 107- Captured
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The remainder of this section focuses on prevention and recycling technologies, since biobased feedstock (Chapter 2) and technologies for converting or disposing of waste have been covered comprehensively in previous chapters (see Box 2.2 and Box 2.3, among others).