CLAIMBOUND / SOURCE-PUBLICATION EVIDENCE
Renewable energy
Every card identifies what it proves, what it does not prove, its exact quote, locator, source hash, and local rerun command.
1. IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems · PDF page 6
Narrow public claim
Improving the energy efficiencies of fos sil power plants and / or the shift from coal to gas will not by itself be sufficient to achieve this.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-06, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems
- Section locator
PDF page 6- Captured
- 2026-09-06
- Source SHA-256
b375616d016f09432fdaf63eccb7c26043139d790689754ffc218f3fab54d41c- Reproduction
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Improving the energy efficiencies of fos sil power plants and / or the shift from coal to gas will not by itself be sufficient to achieve this.
2. IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems · PDF page 8
Narrow public claim
Responsive load issues are dealt with by chapters 8 – 10.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-06, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems
- Section locator
PDF page 8- Captured
- 2026-09-06
- Source SHA-256
b375616d016f09432fdaf63eccb7c26043139d790689754ffc218f3fab54d41c- Reproduction
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python scripts/verify_primary_public_claim_group.py artifacts/cb7k_dom065_t01_primary_claims.json --source-file <local-raw-pdf>Exact source quote
Responsive load issues are dealt with by chapters 8 – 10.
3. IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems · PDF page 9
Narrow public claim
Section 7.2 describes the current status of global and regional energy markets.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-06, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems
- Section locator
PDF page 9- Captured
- 2026-09-06
- Source SHA-256
b375616d016f09432fdaf63eccb7c26043139d790689754ffc218f3fab54d41c- Reproduction
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Section 7.2 describes the current status of global and regional energy markets.
4. IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems · PDF page 9
Narrow public claim
Transportation consumes 62 % of liquid fuels final use.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-06, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems
- Section locator
PDF page 9- Captured
- 2026-09-06
- Source SHA-256
b375616d016f09432fdaf63eccb7c26043139d790689754ffc218f3fab54d41c- Reproduction
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Transportation consumes 62 % of liquid fuels final use.
5. IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems · PDF page 11
Narrow public claim
Underlying data from IEA (2012a) for this figure have been converted using the direct equivalent method of accounting for primary energy (see Annex.II.4).
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-06, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems
- Section locator
PDF page 11- Captured
- 2026-09-06
- Source SHA-256
b375616d016f09432fdaf63eccb7c26043139d790689754ffc218f3fab54d41c- Reproduction
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python scripts/verify_primary_public_claim_group.py artifacts/cb7k_dom065_t01_primary_claims.json --source-file <local-raw-pdf>Exact source quote
Underlying data from IEA (2012a) for this figure have been converted using the direct equivalent method of accounting for primary energy (see Annex.II.4).
6. IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems · PDF page 12
Narrow public claim
The IEA reports energy sector share at 46 % (IEA, 2012f).
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-06, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems
- Section locator
PDF page 12- Captured
- 2026-09-06
- Source SHA-256
b375616d016f09432fdaf63eccb7c26043139d790689754ffc218f3fab54d41c- Reproduction
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python scripts/verify_primary_public_claim_group.py artifacts/cb7k_dom065_t01_primary_claims.json --source-file <local-raw-pdf>Exact source quote
The IEA reports energy sector share at 46 % (IEA, 2012f).
7. IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems · PDF page 13
Narrow public claim
New post-2000 trends were registered for nuclear’s role in global energy systems.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-06, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems
- Section locator
PDF page 13- Captured
- 2026-09-06
- Source SHA-256
b375616d016f09432fdaf63eccb7c26043139d790689754ffc218f3fab54d41c- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
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python scripts/verify_primary_public_claim_group.py artifacts/cb7k_dom065_t01_primary_claims.json --source-file <local-raw-pdf>Exact source quote
New post-2000 trends were registered for nuclear’s role in global energy systems.
8. IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems · PDF page 13
Narrow public claim
In recent years, the share of nuclear energy in world power generation has declined.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-06, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems
- Section locator
PDF page 13- Captured
- 2026-09-06
- Source SHA-256
b375616d016f09432fdaf63eccb7c26043139d790689754ffc218f3fab54d41c- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
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python scripts/verify_primary_public_claim_group.py artifacts/cb7k_dom065_t01_primary_claims.json --source-file <local-raw-pdf>Exact source quote
In recent years, the share of nuclear energy in world power generation has declined.
9. IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems · PDF page 13
Narrow public claim
Those trends were formed well before the incident at the Fukushima nuclear plants in March 2011 and following revision of policies towards nuclear power by several governments (IEA, 2012e).
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-06, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems
- Section locator
PDF page 13- Captured
- 2026-09-06
- Source SHA-256
b375616d016f09432fdaf63eccb7c26043139d790689754ffc218f3fab54d41c- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
Repeat this exact check locally
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python scripts/verify_primary_public_claim_group.py artifacts/cb7k_dom065_t01_primary_claims.json --source-file <local-raw-pdf>Exact source quote
Those trends were formed well before the incident at the Fukushima nuclear plants in March 2011 and following revision of policies towards nuclear power by several governments (IEA, 2012e).
10. IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems · PDF page 13
Narrow public claim
Growing nuclear contribution to TPES after 2000 was observed only in EIT and Asia (mostly in Russia and China).
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-06, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems
- Section locator
PDF page 13- Captured
- 2026-09-06
- Source SHA-256
b375616d016f09432fdaf63eccb7c26043139d790689754ffc218f3fab54d41c- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
Repeat this exact check locally
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python scripts/verify_primary_public_claim_group.py artifacts/cb7k_dom065_t01_primary_claims.json --source-file <local-raw-pdf>Exact source quote
Growing nuclear contribution to TPES after 2000 was observed only in EIT and Asia (mostly in Russia and China).
11. IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems · PDF page 13
Narrow public claim
Additional information on regional total and per-capita energy con sumption and emissions, historic emissions trends and drivers, and embedded (consumption-based) emissions is reported in Chapter 5.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-06, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems
- Section locator
PDF page 13- Captured
- 2026-09-06
- Source SHA-256
b375616d016f09432fdaf63eccb7c26043139d790689754ffc218f3fab54d41c- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
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python scripts/verify_primary_public_claim_group.py artifacts/cb7k_dom065_t02_primary_claims.json --source-file <local-raw-pdf>Exact source quote
Additional information on regional total and per-capita energy con sumption and emissions, historic emissions trends and drivers, and embedded (consumption-based) emissions is reported in Chapter 5.
12. IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems · PDF page 14
Narrow public claim
Right-hand graph shows contribution of different regions to decadal emissions increments.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-06, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems
- Section locator
PDF page 14- Captured
- 2026-09-06
- Source SHA-256
b375616d016f09432fdaf63eccb7c26043139d790689754ffc218f3fab54d41c- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
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python scripts/verify_primary_public_claim_group.py artifacts/cb7k_dom065_t02_primary_claims.json --source-file <local-raw-pdf>Exact source quote
Right-hand graph shows contribution of different regions to decadal emissions increments.
13. IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems · PDF page 14
Narrow public claim
By 2010, Asia had become the major emitter with 41 % share.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-06, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems
- Section locator
PDF page 14- Captured
- 2026-09-06
- Source SHA-256
b375616d016f09432fdaf63eccb7c26043139d790689754ffc218f3fab54d41c- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
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By 2010, Asia had become the major emitter with 41 % share.
14. IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems · PDF page 17
Narrow public claim
At the same time, the increasing utilization of gas has raised the issue of fugitive emissions of methane from both conven tional and shale gas production.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-06, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems
- Section locator
PDF page 17- Captured
- 2026-09-06
- Source SHA-256
b375616d016f09432fdaf63eccb7c26043139d790689754ffc218f3fab54d41c- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
Repeat this exact check locally
Download the PDF to a local file, then run the committed verifier. A changed PDF is reported as drift rather than silently accepted.
python scripts/verify_primary_public_claim_group.py artifacts/cb7k_dom065_t02_primary_claims.json --source-file <local-raw-pdf>Exact source quote
At the same time, the increasing utilization of gas has raised the issue of fugitive emissions of methane from both conven tional and shale gas production.
15. IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems · PDF page 20
Narrow public claim
Energy supply statistics for power plants constructed in 2012, however, are not available.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-06, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems
- Section locator
PDF page 20- Captured
- 2026-09-06
- Source SHA-256
b375616d016f09432fdaf63eccb7c26043139d790689754ffc218f3fab54d41c- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
Repeat this exact check locally
Download the PDF to a local file, then run the committed verifier. A changed PDF is reported as drift rather than silently accepted.
python scripts/verify_primary_public_claim_group.py artifacts/cb7k_dom065_t02_primary_claims.json --source-file <local-raw-pdf>Exact source quote
Energy supply statistics for power plants constructed in 2012, however, are not available.
16. IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems · PDF page 21
Narrow public claim
The necessity for uranium enrichment for LWRs and the presence of plutonium in the spent fuel are the primary proliferation concerns.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-06, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems
- Section locator
PDF page 21- Captured
- 2026-09-06
- Source SHA-256
b375616d016f09432fdaf63eccb7c26043139d790689754ffc218f3fab54d41c- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
Repeat this exact check locally
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python scripts/verify_primary_public_claim_group.py artifacts/cb7k_dom065_t02_primary_claims.json --source-file <local-raw-pdf>Exact source quote
The necessity for uranium enrichment for LWRs and the presence of plutonium in the spent fuel are the primary proliferation concerns.
17. IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems · PDF page 21
Narrow public claim
The uranium and converted plu tonium in the spent fuel can be used as new fuel through reprocessing.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-06, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems
- Section locator
PDF page 21- Captured
- 2026-09-06
- Source SHA-256
b375616d016f09432fdaf63eccb7c26043139d790689754ffc218f3fab54d41c- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
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Download the PDF to a local file, then run the committed verifier. A changed PDF is reported as drift rather than silently accepted.
python scripts/verify_primary_public_claim_group.py artifacts/cb7k_dom065_t02_primary_claims.json --source-file <local-raw-pdf>Exact source quote
The uranium and converted plu tonium in the spent fuel can be used as new fuel through reprocessing.
18. IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems · PDF page 23
Narrow public claim
These real-world MMV deployments are the beginnings of a broader portfolio of MMV technologies that can be matched to site-specific geology and project- and jurisdiction-specific MMV needs (Mathieson et al., 2010; Vasco et al., 2010; Sato et al., 2011).
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-06, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems
- Section locator
PDF page 23- Captured
- 2026-09-06
- Source SHA-256
b375616d016f09432fdaf63eccb7c26043139d790689754ffc218f3fab54d41c- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
Repeat this exact check locally
Download the PDF to a local file, then run the committed verifier. A changed PDF is reported as drift rather than silently accepted.
python scripts/verify_primary_public_claim_group.py artifacts/cb7k_dom065_t02_primary_claims.json --source-file <local-raw-pdf>Exact source quote
These real-world MMV deployments are the beginnings of a broader portfolio of MMV technologies that can be matched to site-specific geology and project- and jurisdiction-specific MMV needs (Mathieson et al., 2010; Vasco et al., 2010; Sato et al., 2011).
19. IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems · PDF page 24
Narrow public claim
Higher RE penetrations will require additional flexible resources (De Vos et al., 2013).
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-06, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems
- Section locator
PDF page 24- Captured
- 2026-09-06
- Source SHA-256
b375616d016f09432fdaf63eccb7c26043139d790689754ffc218f3fab54d41c- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
Repeat this exact check locally
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python scripts/verify_primary_public_claim_group.py artifacts/cb7k_dom065_t02_primary_claims.json --source-file <local-raw-pdf>Exact source quote
Higher RE penetrations will require additional flexible resources (De Vos et al., 2013).
20. IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems · PDF page 25
Narrow public claim
5 % to 40 % of the nameplate capacity (Mason et al., 2010; Holttinen et al., 2011); ranges of capacity credits for other RE resources are sum marized in Sims et al.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-06, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems
- Section locator
PDF page 25- Captured
- 2026-09-06
- Source SHA-256
b375616d016f09432fdaf63eccb7c26043139d790689754ffc218f3fab54d41c- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
Repeat this exact check locally
Download the PDF to a local file, then run the committed verifier. A changed PDF is reported as drift rather than silently accepted.
python scripts/verify_primary_public_claim_group.py artifacts/cb7k_dom065_t02_primary_claims.json --source-file <local-raw-pdf>Exact source quote
5 % to 40 % of the nameplate capacity (Mason et al., 2010; Holttinen et al., 2011); ranges of capacity credits for other RE resources are sum marized in Sims et al.
21. IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems · PDF page 28
Narrow public claim
The upper range of emissions for CCS-based power plants is flexible since plants can be designed to capture less, something that results in lower cost and less equipment required.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-06, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems
- Section locator
PDF page 28- Captured
- 2026-09-06
- Source SHA-256
b375616d016f09432fdaf63eccb7c26043139d790689754ffc218f3fab54d41c- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
Repeat this exact check locally
Download the PDF to a local file, then run the committed verifier. A changed PDF is reported as drift rather than silently accepted.
python scripts/verify_primary_public_claim_group.py artifacts/cb7k_dom065_t03_primary_claims.json --source-file <local-raw-pdf>Exact source quote
The upper range of emissions for CCS-based power plants is flexible since plants can be designed to capture less, something that results in lower cost and less equipment required.
22. IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems · PDF page 28
Narrow public claim
Renewable heat and power generation and nuclear energy can bring more significant reductions in GHG emissions.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-06, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems
- Section locator
PDF page 28- Captured
- 2026-09-06
- Source SHA-256
b375616d016f09432fdaf63eccb7c26043139d790689754ffc218f3fab54d41c- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
Repeat this exact check locally
Download the PDF to a local file, then run the committed verifier. A changed PDF is reported as drift rather than silently accepted.
python scripts/verify_primary_public_claim_group.py artifacts/cb7k_dom065_t03_primary_claims.json --source-file <local-raw-pdf>Exact source quote
Renewable heat and power generation and nuclear energy can bring more significant reductions in GHG emissions.
23. IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems · PDF page 29
Narrow public claim
Note that percentiles were displayed for RE and traditional coal and gas in the SRREN, but not for coal CCS and gas CCS.
What this card proves
The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-06, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems
- Section locator
PDF page 29- Captured
- 2026-09-06
- Source SHA-256
b375616d016f09432fdaf63eccb7c26043139d790689754ffc218f3fab54d41c- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
Repeat this exact check locally
Download the PDF to a local file, then run the committed verifier. A changed PDF is reported as drift rather than silently accepted.
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Note that percentiles were displayed for RE and traditional coal and gas in the SRREN, but not for coal CCS and gas CCS.
24. IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems · PDF page 29
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In the latter cases, the entire range is therefore shown.
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- 2026-09-06
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In the latter cases, the entire range is therefore shown.
25. IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems · PDF page 29
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For hydropower, the variation in biogenic methane emissions from project to project are the main cause of the large range.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-06, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- 2026-09-06
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For hydropower, the variation in biogenic methane emissions from project to project are the main cause of the large range.
26. IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems · PDF page 30
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PV — photovoltaic, SRREN — IPCC Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-06, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- 2026-09-06
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PV — photovoltaic, SRREN — IPCC Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation.
27. IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems · PDF page 30
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Notes: Harmonized values have been used where available and the mean values of the typical contributions are shown for the set of those cases where the data base allowed the separation.
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- 2026-09-06
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Notes: Harmonized values have been used where available and the mean values of the typical contributions are shown for the set of those cases where the data base allowed the separation.
28. IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems · PDF page 30
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For world average coal and gas, the uncertainty range represents the uncertainty in the mean; the range of the uncerlying distribution is much larger.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-06, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- 2026-09-06
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For world average coal and gas, the uncertainty range represents the uncertainty in the mean; the range of the uncerlying distribution is much larger.
29. IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems · PDF page 30
Narrow public claim
For the fossil fuel technologies, all fugitive methane emissions were calculated based on the range provided by (Burnham et al., 2012), infrastructure and supplies are based on (Singh et al., 2011), and direct emissions are based on (Singh et al., 2011; Corsten et al., 2013).
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-06, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- 2026-09-06
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For the fossil fuel technologies, all fugitive methane emissions were calculated based on the range provided by (Burnham et al., 2012), infrastructure and supplies are based on (Singh et al., 2011), and direct emissions are based on (Singh et al., 2011; Corsten et al., 2013).
30. IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems · PDF page 30
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These impacts are site-specific and generally more significant for long rotation species.
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- 2026-09-06
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These impacts are site-specific and generally more significant for long rotation species.
31. IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems · PDF page 30
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The numbers are presented in Table A.III.2.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-06, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- 2026-09-06
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32. IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems · PDF page 31
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Direct emissions of biomass power plants are not shown explicitly, but included in the lifecycle emissions.
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Direct emissions of biomass power plants are not shown explicitly, but included in the lifecycle emissions.
33. IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems · PDF page 31
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LCOE of nuclear include front and back-end fuel costs as well as decommissioning costs.
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- 2026-09-06
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LCOE of nuclear include front and back-end fuel costs as well as decommissioning costs.
34. IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems · PDF page 32
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Without support from govern ments, investments in new nuclear power plants are currently gen erally not economically attractive within liberalized markets, which have access to relatively cheap coal and / or gas (IEA, 2012b).
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-06, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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PDF page 32- Captured
- 2026-09-06
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Without support from govern ments, investments in new nuclear power plants are currently gen erally not economically attractive within liberalized markets, which have access to relatively cheap coal and / or gas (IEA, 2012b).
35. IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems · PDF page 39
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Uncertainties and risks associated with long-term storage also have to be considered (Sections 7.5.5 and 7.9.3; Ketzer et al., 2011; Koornneef et al., 2011).
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-06, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- 2026-09-06
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Uncertainties and risks associated with long-term storage also have to be considered (Sections 7.5.5 and 7.9.3; Ketzer et al., 2011; Koornneef et al., 2011).
36. IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems · PDF page 40
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For Chernobyl, 31 immediate fatali ties occurred and 370 persons were injured (Moomaw et al., 2011a).
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-06, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- 2026-09-06
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For Chernobyl, 31 immediate fatali ties occurred and 370 persons were injured (Moomaw et al., 2011a).
37. IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems · PDF page 41
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On a local scale and / or concerning specific technologies, however, technological barriers might constrain their mitigation potential.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-06, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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PDF page 41- Captured
- 2026-09-06
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On a local scale and / or concerning specific technologies, however, technological barriers might constrain their mitigation potential.
38. IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems · PDF page 41
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These limits are discussed in Sections 7.4, 7.5, 7.6, and 7.9.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-06, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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PDF page 41- Captured
- 2026-09-06
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These limits are discussed in Sections 7.4, 7.5, 7.6, and 7.9.
39. IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems · PDF page 46
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Riahi et al., 2012).* * Note that ‘Savings’ is calculated as the residual reduction in total primary energy.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-06, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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PDF page 46- Captured
- 2026-09-06
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Riahi et al., 2012).* * Note that ‘Savings’ is calculated as the residual reduction in total primary energy.
40. IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems · PDF page 47
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Red bars show the deployment range of tech nologies in case of ‘high energy demand’ (> 20 % growth in 2050 compared to 2010).
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-06, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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PDF page 47- Captured
- 2026-09-06
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Red bars show the deployment range of tech nologies in case of ‘high energy demand’ (> 20 % growth in 2050 compared to 2010).
41. IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems · PDF page 47
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For each technology, the median-, interquartile-, and full-deployment range is displayed.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-06, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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PDF page 47- Captured
- 2026-09-06
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For each technology, the median-, interquartile-, and full-deployment range is displayed.
42. IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems · PDF page 47
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Notes: Scenarios assuming technology restrictions and scenarios with final energy in the base-year outside ± 5 % of 2010 inventories are excluded.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-06, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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PDF page 47- Captured
- 2026-09-06
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Notes: Scenarios assuming technology restrictions and scenarios with final energy in the base-year outside ± 5 % of 2010 inventories are excluded.
43. IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems · PDF page 47
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Ranges include results from many different integrated models.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-06, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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PDF page 47- Captured
- 2026-09-06
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Ranges include results from many different integrated models.
44. IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems · PDF page 48
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Solar energy and biomass are displayed as primary energy as they can serve multiple uses.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-06, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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PDF page 48- Captured
- 2026-09-06
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Solar energy and biomass are displayed as primary energy as they can serve multiple uses.
45. IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems · PDF page 48
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As a result, the displayed ranges cannot be strictly compared across different technologies.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-06, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems
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PDF page 48- Captured
- 2026-09-06
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As a result, the displayed ranges cannot be strictly compared across different technologies.
46. IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems · PDF page 48
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Additional information concerning data sources and additional notes that should be taken into account in interpreting the figure, see Moomaw et al.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-06, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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PDF page 48- Captured
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Additional information concerning data sources and additional notes that should be taken into account in interpreting the figure, see Moomaw et al.
47. IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems · PDF page 48
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Contribution of ocean energy in the integrated model scenarios is less than 0.1 EJ and thus outside the logarithmic scale of the figure.
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- 2026-09-06
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Contribution of ocean energy in the integrated model scenarios is less than 0.1 EJ and thus outside the logarithmic scale of the figure.
48. IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems · PDF page 48
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Note that not all scenarios report deployment for all RE sources.
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- 2026-09-06
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Note that not all scenarios report deployment for all RE sources.
49. IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems · PDF page 50
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Note that in the scenarios examined here, the major branch point occurs around the period, while the foundations are laid in the 2030 to 2050 period.
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- 2026-09-06
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Note that in the scenarios examined here, the major branch point occurs around the period, while the foundations are laid in the 2030 to 2050 period.
50. IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems · PDF page 50
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Low-carbon energy includes nuclear, renewables, fossil fuels with CCS and bioenergy with CCS: WGIII AR5 Scenario Database (see Annex II.10).
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- 2026-09-06
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Low-carbon energy includes nuclear, renewables, fossil fuels with CCS and bioenergy with CCS: WGIII AR5 Scenario Database (see Annex II.10).
51. IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems · PDF page 50
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Dashed horizontal line shows the electricity share for the year 2010.
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Dashed horizontal line shows the electricity share for the year 2010.
52. IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems · PDF page 52
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The pathways of three illustrative scenarios (cases A, B, and C) are highlighted for comparison.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-06, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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The pathways of three illustrative scenarios (cases A, B, and C) are highlighted for comparison.
53. IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems · PDF page 52
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Dashed lines in the middle panels show the development to 2030 and 2050, and are indicative only for central trends across the majority of the scenarios.
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Dashed lines in the middle panels show the development to 2030 and 2050, and are indicative only for central trends across the majority of the scenarios.
54. IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems · PDF page 52
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The relationship between near-term actions and long-term goals is complex and has received a great deal of attention in the research literature.
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The relationship between near-term actions and long-term goals is complex and has received a great deal of attention in the research literature.
55. IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems · PDF page 53
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Zero- and low-carbon energy supply includes renewables, nuclear energy, fossil energy with CCS, and bioenergy with CCS (BECCS).
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PDF page 53- Captured
- 2026-09-06
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Zero- and low-carbon energy supply includes renewables, nuclear energy, fossil energy with CCS, and bioenergy with CCS (BECCS).
56. IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems · PDF page 53
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Scenarios with exogenous carbon price assumptions are excluded in both panels.
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PDF page 53- Captured
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Scenarios with exogenous carbon price assumptions are excluded in both panels.
57. IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems · PDF page 53
Narrow public claim
In the right panel, scenarios with policies affecting the timing of mitigation other than 2030 interim targets are also excluded.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-06, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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PDF page 53- Captured
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In the right panel, scenarios with policies affecting the timing of mitigation other than 2030 interim targets are also excluded.
58. IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems · PDF page 55
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Options to address these issues are discussed in Sec tion 15.5.3.8 and Kalkuhl and Edenhofer (2013).
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-06, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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PDF page 55- Captured
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Options to address these issues are discussed in Sec tion 15.5.3.8 and Kalkuhl and Edenhofer (2013).
59. IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems · PDF page 56
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Quota policies can be effective and efficient if designed to reduce risk; for example, with long-term contracts”.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-06, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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PDF page 56- Captured
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Quota policies can be effective and efficient if designed to reduce risk; for example, with long-term contracts”.
60. IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems · PDF page 57
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Other low-carbon technologies like CCS and nuclear would require specifically trained personnel (see Section 7.10.4).
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-06, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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PDF page 57- Captured
- 2026-09-06
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Other low-carbon technologies like CCS and nuclear would require specifically trained personnel (see Section 7.10.4).
61. IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems · PDF page 57
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Currently, for instance, about 138 countries have renewable targets in place.
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PDF page 57- Captured
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Currently, for instance, about 138 countries have renewable targets in place.
62. IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems · PDF page 58
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There is limited research on the integration issues associated with high levels of low-carbon technology utilization (Section7.6).
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-06, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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PDF page 58- Captured
- 2026-09-06
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There is limited research on the integration issues associated with high levels of low-carbon technology utilization (Section7.6).
63. IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems · PDF page 58
Narrow public claim
According to Chapter 15, their success is mixed.
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PDF page 58- Captured
- 2026-09-06
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64. IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems · PDF page 59
Narrow public claim
A combination of some, but not neces sarily all, of the options is needed.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-06, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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PDF page 59- Captured
- 2026-09-06
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A combination of some, but not neces sarily all, of the options is needed.
65. IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems · PDF page 67
Narrow public claim
FAO (2010)� What Woodfuels Can Do to Mitigate Climate Change.
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PDF page 67- Captured
- 2026-09-06
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FAO (2010)� What Woodfuels Can Do to Mitigate Climate Change.
66. IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems · PDF page 67
Narrow public claim
Fthenakis V�, and H� C� Kim (2010)� Life-cycle uses of water in U.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-06, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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PDF page 67- Captured
- 2026-09-06
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Fthenakis V�, and H� C� Kim (2010)� Life-cycle uses of water in U.
67. IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems · PDF page 71
Narrow public claim
IEA Bioenergy (2011)� IEA Biogas Task 37 Country Reports and Plant Lists.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-06, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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PDF page 71- Captured
- 2026-09-06
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IEA Bioenergy (2011)� IEA Biogas Task 37 Country Reports and Plant Lists.
68. IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems · PDF page 71
Narrow public claim
IPCC (2005)� IPCC Special Report on Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-06, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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PDF page 71- Captured
- 2026-09-06
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IPCC (2005)� IPCC Special Report on Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage.
69. IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems · PDF page 77
Narrow public claim
Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-06, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
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- IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems
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PDF page 77- Captured
- 2026-09-06
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Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation.
70. IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems · PDF page 81
Narrow public claim
Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation.
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The exact quoted statement occurred in the named official PDF fetched on 2026-09-06, and the complete PDF matched the recorded SHA-256.
What this card does not prove
It does not independently establish the underlying model capability, safety, comparison, or real-world truth. This is a retrospective single-maintainer source-publication audit.
- Primary source
- IPCC AR5 WGIII Chapter 7 Energy Systems
- Section locator
PDF page 81- Captured
- 2026-09-06
- Source SHA-256
b375616d016f09432fdaf63eccb7c26043139d790689754ffc218f3fab54d41c- Reproduction
- Maintainer run only; no independent operator rerun is registered.
Repeat this exact check locally
Download the PDF to a local file, then run the committed verifier. A changed PDF is reported as drift rather than silently accepted.
python scripts/verify_primary_public_claim_group.py artifacts/cb7k_dom065_t07_primary_claims.json --source-file <local-raw-pdf>Exact source quote
Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation.